Organon (English spelling)

Japanese: オルガノン - おるがのん(英語表記)Organon
Organon (English spelling)

A general term for Aristotle's logic books. Originally meaning a tool or organ, these came to be called by this name because logic, which discusses the structure of knowledge and methods of argument, is a tool for academic research. These books include Categoriae (Discourse on Categories), De Interpretatione (De Interpretation), Analytica Priora (Analytica Priora) , Analytica Posteriora (Analytica Posteriora), Topica (Topica), and De Sophisticis Elenchis (De Sophisticis Elenchis) . These books established the foundation of traditional logic based on ontology, and also marked the beginning of later formal logic. These books were long respected as the foundation of academic research, but F. Bacon's Noum Organum, along with Descartes' Discourse on the Method, challenged them. The Categoria classifies words and distinguishes ten "categories" as the largest classes of words or entities designated by words: "Substance (ousia)," "Quantity (poson)," "Quality (poion)," "Relation (pros tei)," "Place (poo)," "Time (pote)," "State (keste)," "Possession (eken)," "Activity (poiein)," and "Pasquein." (The classification of categoria is one of the basic premises of Aristotle's philosophy and is repeated in many works, but only the first four types remain constant, and the types and numbers of the other categoria are not necessarily constant.) A "categoria" is literally a "predicate," and its type is the type of "statement" that a word uses to describe an entity. The purpose of this treatise is to clarify this way of speaking or the type of thing being spoken of, but in particular, its main interest is to clarify the difference between words that express substance and other words, and therefore the fundamental nature of substance in the formation of beings (on), which is a basic premise of Aristotle's ontology. The authenticity of this work is sometimes doubted. However, through Porphyry's Introduction to Categoria, it had a great influence on the formation of medieval logical thought and the subsequent development of logic. The De Propositions discusses the formation and nature of sentences (logos) and propositions (protasis) that are created by the combination of words. The Préanalyse analyzes and lists the forms of syllogism. It is devoted to the development of modal logic. The Posterior Analyse analyzes the structure of argumentative science. The Topica discusses dialectical reasoning. This book is considered an early work. "Against Sophisms" discusses the fallacies used by the Sophists.

[Nobuaki Kato]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アリストテレスの論理学書の総称。原義は道具、器官の義で、知識の構造や論証法を論ずる論理学が学問研究のための道具であるという意味から、これらがこの名でよばれるようになった。『カテゴリア論』Categoriae、『命題論』De Interpretatione、『分析論前書』Analytica Priora、『分析論後書』Analytica Posteriora、『トピカ』Topica、『詭弁論駁論(きべんろんばくろん)』De Sophisticis Elenchisがこれに含まれる。存在論に基づく伝統的論理学の基礎がこれによって確立されるとともに、後代の形式論理学の端緒もここにあった。長くこれらの書は学問研究の基礎として尊重されたが、F・ベーコンの『ノウム・オルガヌム』はデカルトの『方法序説』とともにこれに挑戦するものであった。『カテゴリア論』は語を分類し、語、または、語によって指示される存在者の最大の類として10個の「カテゴリア」(範疇(はんちゅう))を区別する。「実体(ウーシアー)」「量(ポソン)」「性質(ポイオン)」「関係(プロス・テイ)」「場所(プー)」「時間(ポテ)」「状態(ケースタイ)」「所有(エケイン)」「能動(ポイエイン)」「受動(パスケイン)」がそれである(カテゴリアの種別はアリストテレスの哲学の基本前提の一つであり、多くの著作で反復されるが、変わらないのは最初の4種であり、他のカテゴリアについては種類も数もかならずしも一定しない)。「カテゴリア」は文字どおりの意味では「述語」であって、その種類とは、ことばが存在者を述べ表す場合の「述べ方」の種類である。この述べ方、または述べられる事柄の種別を明らかにするのがこの論の目的であるが、とりわけ実体を表す語と他の語の別、したがって、アリストテレス存在論の基本前提である存在者(オン)の成り立ちにおける実体の基本性を明らかにすることに、その主要な関心が向けられていたということができる。この書の真作性はときに疑われることがある。しかし、ポルフィリオスの『カテゴリア論入門』を通じて中世の論理思想の形成、およびその後の論理学の発展に大きな影響を及ぼした。『命題論』は語と語の複合によって生ずる文(ロゴス)、命題(プロタシス)の成り立ち、性質を論ずる。『分析論前書』は三段論法の形式を分析、枚挙する。様相論理の開拓に力が注がれている。『分析論後書』は論証科学の構造を分析する。『トピカ』は弁証論の推論を論ずる。この書は初期の著作とみなされる。『詭弁論駁論』はソフィストの用いる誤謬(ごびゅう)推論を論ずる。

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出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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