Orient - Orient (English spelling)

Japanese: オリエント - おりえんと(英語表記)Orient
Orient - Orient (English spelling)

The area from the Indus River to the Mediterranean Sea in the west. In other words, it refers to the region from present-day Iran to the Arabian Peninsula and Egypt. The word originates from the Latin "Oriens," which means the direction or region where the sun rises, and in the Roman era, the area west of the Italian Peninsula was called Occident, or the region where the sun sets. In the Roman era, it originally meant the Greek region, but as the Romans' geographical knowledge increased, especially after Alexander the Great's eastern expedition, Oriens expanded to the Indus River.

This region once gave birth to some of the world's oldest civilizations, including Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations, but was influenced by Eastern civilizations after Alexander the Great's eastern expedition. The cultural foundation of the Orient was Greek culture after that, but it was not completely Greekized. The Coptic culture of Egypt and the Syrian culture from Syria to the East are unique to this region, and are unique cultures known as Orient culture. Islamic culture emerged after the 7th century, but generally speaking, this region was mostly barren desert and mountainous areas, and was often culturally backward. However, geographically, it is a junction of three continents, so it played a role as a bridge between Eastern and Western civilizations. In modern times and the present day, it has been an important region militarily, and since the discovery of abundant oil resources, it has also become an important region politically and economically.

[Masaaki Itoga]

[References] | Ancient Oriental Civilizations

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

インダス川から西の地中海に至る地域。すなわち、現在のイランからアラビア半島、エジプトを含めた地方をいう。ラテン語の、太陽の昇る方向、または地方を意味する「オリエンス」が語源であり、ローマ時代に、イタリア半島を中心として、西方はオクシデンス、すなわち太陽の没する地方とよばれた。ローマ時代には最初はギリシア地方を意味したが、ローマ人の地理的知識の増大、とくにアレクサンドロス大王の東征以来、オリエンスはインダス川まで拡大した。

 かつてこの地域はメソポタミア文明、エジプト文明など世界最古文明を生んだが、アレクサンドロス大王の東方遠征によって東方文明の影響を受けた。その後のオリエントの文化的基盤はギリシア文化となったが、完全にギリシア文化化されたものではなく、エジプトのコプト文化、シリアから東方のシリア文化はこの地域独特のもので、オリエント文化とよばれる固有の文化である。7世紀以降イスラム文化が興ったが、一般的にいってこの地方は大部分が不毛の砂漠や山岳地帯で、文化的後進地域であることが多かった。しかし、地理的には3大陸の接点にあたるため、東西文明交流の掛け橋としての役割を果たした。また近代から現代にかけては、軍事的にも重要な地域であるとともに、豊富な石油資源の発見以来、政治的、経済的に重要な地域ともなっている。

[糸賀昌昭]

[参照項目] | 古代オリエント文明

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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