Overloan - Over-loan (English spelling)

This phenomenon was typically seen during the period of high economic growth when there was an absolute shortage of funds, and involved private financial institutions, particularly city banks, lending in excess of the sum of their capital and deposit balances, and constantly relying on borrowing from the Bank of Japan to make up for the shortfall. It was the result of overborrowing due to strong demand for funds from companies and the strong promotion of an artificially low interest rate policy. Along with the overwhelming dominance of bilateral transaction-based indirect financing, overborrowing, and the uneven distribution of funds, it characterized Japan's financial structure during the period of high economic growth. It is said that against the backdrop of corporate overborrowing, the soundness of management was damaged, and easy borrowing from the Bank of Japan and its lending attitude caused major economic fluctuations and inflation.

Since the 1980s, the problem has gradually weakened due to the steady increase in surplus funds, large companies moving away from banks, the diversification of fund raising sources, the emergence of new financial products, the development and creation of financial markets, intensifying competition among financial institutions and the need to improve management efficiency, and has now been eliminated.

[Kunihiko Kaneko]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

絶対的資金不足の高度成長時代に典型的にみられた現象であり、民間金融機関のうち、とりわけ都市銀行が資本金と預金残高の合計を超えて貸付け、その不足分を恒常的に日本銀行からの借入れに依存すること。企業の旺盛(おうせい)な資金需要によるオーバーボローイングと人為的低金利政策が強力に推進された結果生じた。相対取引型間接金融の圧倒的優位、オーバーボローイング、資金偏在と並んで、高度成長時代の日本金融構造を特徴づけた。企業のオーバーボローイングを背景に、経営の健全性が損なわれて安易な日本銀行借入れと貸付態度が大幅な景気変動やインフレーションの原因になったともいわれている。

　1980年代以降、資金余剰の定着、大企業の銀行離れ、資金調達の多様化の進行、新金融商品の登場、金融市場の整備・創設、金融機関間の競争の激化と経営効率の向上の要請などにより徐々に薄れ、現在では解消されている。

［金子邦彦］

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例