In terms of corporate financing, this refers to a state in which external financing, especially borrowing from financial institutions, is excessive. Normally, companies raise funds through internal reserves (internal financing) and issuing stocks and bonds (capital market financing), but after World War II, the proportion of internal reserves at Japanese companies was low, and fund raising through stocks and bonds was insufficient. For this reason, in order to meet the strong demand for funds for postwar capital investment, especially during the period of high economic growth, under Japan's financial structure in which indirect financing is dominant, excessive bank borrowing was unavoidable. This demand for funds was mainly met by loans from city banks, and the excess lending (overloans) of city banks was satisfied by borrowings from the Bank of Japan. In this way, overborrowing occurred when companies sought cheap ways to raise funds and ended up relying on relatively low-cost bank loans. In particular, the proportion of bank loans in a company's external financing was 83.9% between 1970 and 1974 (Showa 45-49), but as a result of efforts to improve the company's financial position by focusing on fund raising through stock and bond issuance, this fell to 64.7% between 1980 and 1983. Furthermore, as interest rate liberalization progressed, the securitization of fund raising progressed, and with the growth of equity financing (fund raising using the stock market) such as commercial paper (CP) and capital increases, convertible bonds, and warrant bonds, fund raising from the capital market increased, mainly for large companies, and overborrowing is also being eliminated. However, small and medium-sized enterprises mainly raise funds from bank loans, so they can be said to be overborrowing. [Tsutomu Muramoto] "Modern Japanese Financial Theory" by Yoshio Suzuki (1974, Toyo Keizai Shinposha) " "Japan's Financial System" 2nd Edition by Yoshiaki Kano (2006, Toyo Keizai Shinposha)" [Reference] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
企業の資金調達において、外部金融、とりわけ金融機関借入が過大である状態をいう。企業の資金調達は、内部留保(内部金融)や株式・社債発行(資本市場調達)によるのがノーマルであるが、第二次世界大戦後は、日本の企業の内部留保の割合は低く、株式や社債による資金調達も十分ではなかった。このため、戦後の設備投資、とくに高度成長期の旺盛(おうせい)な資金需要を満たすためには、間接金融方式が優位である日本の金融構造の下では、銀行借入が過大となるのもやむをえない状況であった。この資金需要はおもに都市銀行の貸出によってまかなわれ、都市銀行の貸しすぎ(オーバーローン)は日本銀行借用金によって充足された。このようにオーバーボローイングは、企業が安い資金調達方法を模索し、その結果、比較的低コストの銀行借入に依存したためにおきたものである。とくに企業の外部資金調達に占める銀行借入金の割合は1970~1974年(昭和45~49)には83.9%を占めたが、その後、株式・社債発行による資金調達に力を入れて体質改善に努めた結果、1980~1983年には64.7%にまで下がってきた。さらに、金利自由化が進むなかで資金調達の証券化が進み、コマーシャルペーパー(CP)や増資・転換社債・ワラント債発行などのエクイティファイナンス(株式市場を活用する資金調達)の伸長から、大企業を中心として資本市場からの資金調達が大きくなり、オーバーボローイングの解消もみられる。しかし中小企業の資金調達は銀行借入が主でオーバーボローイングといえる。 [村本 孜] 『鈴木淑夫著『現代日本金融論』(1974・東洋経済新報社)』▽『鹿野嘉昭著『日本の金融制度』第2版(2006・東洋経済新報社)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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