Otrabotka (English spelling)

Japanese: オトラボトカ（英語表記）otrabotka

Low-paid labor by peasants on farms directly managed by landlords became widespread in central Russia after the emancipation of serfs. The term "hire" is inappropriate, and "debt-repayment labor" is closer to the actual term. When peasants rented land or borrowed money or grain in advance from landlords due to a lack of land, economic hardship, heavy tax burdens, etc., they often engaged in otrabotka to pay the high rent and high interest-bearing repayments. There were many different forms of otrabotka, such as contracting to cultivate land with tools and draft animals (in this case, the remuneration was per contracted area) or simply working as a day laborer, but one well-known example was "otrabotka," where peasants contracted to do all the work from plowing to harvesting on an assigned piece of land on a directly managed farm of the landlord, twice the size of the rented area, and used the labor remuneration to pay the rent.

Source: Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Information

Japanese:

農奴解放後のロシア中央部に広く普及した地主直営農場での農民の低報酬労働。〈雇役〉という訳語は不適当で〈債務返済労働〉が実体に近い。農民は土地不足，経済的困窮，重税負担などのため，地主から借地や金銭･穀物の前借りをしたとき，その高い借地料や高い利子つき返済金を支払うために，しばしばこのオトラボトカを行ったのである。農具･役畜持参の請負耕作(この場合報酬は請負面積当り)や単なる日雇いなど形態は多種多様だが，借地した面積の2倍の広さの地主直営農場内割当地で耕起から収穫までの全作業請負を行ってその労働報酬を借地料支払いにあてるという〈オトラボトカ借地〉も有名である。

出典　株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について　情報

<<: Otranto (English spelling)

>>: Autoradiography