ruq'a (English spelling) ruqa

Japanese: ruq‘a(英語表記)ruqa
ruq'a (English spelling) ruqa

...The Sursi typeface is a monumental typeface that emphasizes long vertical lines, while the Naskhī typeface has been used since the 10th century and spread from Iraq to Islamic countries in the 12th century, and is one of the most widely used typefaces to this day. Other types include the slender Muḥaqqaq typeface, which is often used to copy the Quran, the Rayḥānī typeface, which has sharp ends, the Ruq'a typeface, which has decorative endings and is mainly used for private letters and popular books, and the thick and heavy Tawqī' typeface, which was used by administrative agencies. Incidentally, according to the classical tradition of Islamic calligraphy, the six basic types are the Sursi, Naskhī, Muḥaqqaq, Rayḥānī, Ruq'a, and Tawqī (al‐aqlām al‐sitta).

From [Handprint]

…In this way, the bill of exchange became a discountable security, and thus modern bills were established.
[Islamic World]
During the Umayyad period, the Islamic world expanded over a vast area, from the Iberian Peninsula in the west to Central Asia and Iran in the east, and during the Abbasid period, various types of credit instruments such as suftaja (bill of exchange), ruq'a (promissory note), and cekk or ṣakk (cheque) were developed for administrative and commercial needs. Unlike simple currency exchange, which exchanges money for money, bill settlement involves giving a security in exchange for the money actually received or its equivalent, and using this as a medium for payment.

*Some of the terminology that mentions "ruq'a" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…〈スルシー〉体は長い縦の線を強調したモニュメンタルな書体で,〈ナスヒー〉体は10世紀ころから用いられ,12世紀にはイラクからイスラム諸国に広まり,今日まで最も広く用いられてきた書体の一つである。このほか,細身でコーランの筆写に頻繁に使用されている〈ムハッカクmuḥaqqaq〉体,文字の末端が鋭くとがっている〈ライハーニーrayḥānī〉体,語尾を装飾的に書き,主として私的な書簡や通俗的な書籍に用いられる〈ルクアruq‘a〉体,行政機関で用いられた太く重々しい〈タウキーtawqī‘〉体などの書体が知られる。ちなみに,イスラムの書の古典的な伝統によると,スルシー,ナスヒー,ムハッカク,ライハーニー,ルクア,タウキーの六書(アルアクラーム・アッシッタal‐aqlām al‐sitta)が基本的書体とされている。…

【手形】より

…このように為替手形が割引可能な証券となったことによって,近代的な手形が成立したことになる。【清水 広一郎】
[イスラム世界]
 イスラム世界はウマイヤ朝時代に,西はイベリア半島から東は中央アジア,イランまで広大な領域に拡大し,アッバース朝時代には行政上,商業上の必要からスフタジャsuftaja(為替手形),ルクアruq‘a(約束手形),チェックcekkまたはサックṣakk(小切手)など各種信用証券が発達した。貨幣と貨幣とを交換する単純な両替と異なり,現実に受け取った貨幣またはその対価物と交換に証券を与え,これを媒介として支払をするのが手形決済である。…

※「ruq‘a」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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