Austrian School (English: Österreichische Schule German)

Japanese: オーストリア学派 - おーすとりあがくは(英語表記)Österreichische Schule ドイツ語
Austrian School (English: Österreichische Schule German)

Modern economics is said to have begun with the work of three people in the 1870s: Carl Menger of Austria, W.S. Jevons of England, and Léon Walras of Switzerland. Their work formed new theories to replace the classical school, which was gradually losing its power at the time, and each developed to the point of being called a school. The Austrian School is one of them, and it began with Professor C. Menger of the University of Vienna, and was expanded and developed by other professors at the same university, such as F. Wieser and Böhm-Bawerk. It is also called the marginal utility school because it completed a theoretical system based on marginal utility theory. This school also proposed its own unique capital theory, and the Vienna School that followed this school also developed monetary analysis, making a great contribution to the subsequent development of economics.

In his book Principles of Political Economy ( Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre , 1871), Menger rejected the classical school's labor theory of value and established a consistent theoretical system of subjective value theory based on the subjective marginal utility principle and the imputation theory, which explains the value of production goods from the value of the consumer goods they create. On the other hand, in economic methodology, he took a position of making a clear distinction between history, theory, and policy, and in this respect he engaged in fierce debate with the late historical school led by Schmoller, who was the mainstream in German economics at the time. Wieser developed the imputation theory and presented Wieser's Law, which was the origin of the later opportunity cost principle. If the imputation theory makes the value of products and the value of production goods equal, the question arises as to where capital interest comes from. In this regard, Böhm-Bawerk, in his book Positive Theorie des Capitales (1889), clarified that capital interest arises from the profits of roundabout production, and proposed his own theory of capital that sees the production process as capital. His theory of capital has had a great influence, not only giving rise to the theories of Wicksell of the Nordic school and Mises and Hayek of the Vienna school, but also to J.R. Hicks, who has recently returned to Böhm-Bawerk in his book Capital and Time, A Neo-Austrian Theory (1973), in order to open up a new dimension in modern growth theory.

The group of people who followed the Austrian School, including Herr Mayer, Mises, Hayek, Haberler, Richard von Strigl (1891-1942), and Morgenstern, are known as the Vienna School or Neo-Austrian School, and excelled in monetary analysis, making brilliant achievements in the fields of capital theory and business cycle theory, and influencing other countries as well. However, by the time of World War II, most of the scholars had left for the United States and other countries, leaving only a few, such as Herr Mayer, and the Vienna School had spread.

[Toyosaburo Sato]

"New Developments in Austrian Economics" by Toichiro Ichiya (included in "Complete Collection of Economic Theories 10: Developments in Modern Economics", 1956, Kawade Shobo)""History of Economic Analysis, Vol. 5" by J. Schumpeter, translated by Seiichi Higashihata (1958, Iwanami Shoten)""Principles of National Economics" by C. Menger, translated by Takuma Yasui (1937, Nippon Hyoronsha)""Introduction to the Study of the Austrian School" by Harukazu Hayashi (1966, Yuhikaku)"

[References] | Modern Economics | History of Economic Theory

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

近代経済学は、1870年代のオーストリアのカール・メンガー、イギリスのW・S・ジェボンズ、スイスのレオン・ワルラスの3人の業績に始まるとされている。彼らの業績は、当時しだいに無力化してゆく古典学派にかわる新しい理論の形成であり、それぞれ学派とよばれるまでに発展した。オーストリア学派はその一つで、ウィーン大学の教授C・メンガーに始まり、同じく同大学の教授であったF・ウィーザーやベーム・バベルクらによって拡充、展開された学派であり、限界効用理論に基づく理論体系を完成したので、限界効用学派ともよばれている。なおこの学派はさらに、その独自の資本理論を提起し、また、この学派に続くウィーン学派も貨幣的分析を展開するなど、その後の経済学の発展に大きく寄与した。

 メンガーはその著『国民経済学原理』Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre(1871)において、古典学派の労働価値説を退け、主観的な限界効用原理、生産財の価値をそれがつくりだす消費財の価値から説明する帰属理論などによる首尾一貫した主観価値説の理論体系を確立する一方、経済学方法論としては歴史、理論、政策を峻別(しゅんべつ)する立場をとり、この点では当時のドイツ経済学界の主流であったシュモラーたちの後期歴史学派と激しい論争を交えた。ウィーザーは帰属理論を整え、ウィーザーの法則を示したが、それは後年の機会費用原理の発端をなすものであった。帰属理論により生産物の価値と生産財の価値が等しくなるとすれば、資本利子はどこから生まれるかが問題となる。この点についてベーム・バベルクはその著『資本の積極理論』Positive Theorie des Kapitales(1889)において、迂回(うかい)生産の利益から資本利子が生まれることを明らかにし、生産過程を資本とみる独自の資本理論を提唱した。彼の資本理論の影響は多大であり、北欧学派のウィクセル、ウィーン学派のミーゼスやハイエクの理論を生んだばかりでなく、最近ではJ・R・ヒックスがその著『資本と時間』Capital and Time, A Neo-Austrian Theory(1973)において、現代成長理論の新局面を開くためにベーム・バベルクに立ち戻っているほどである。

 なお、オーストリア学派の流れをくむH・マイヤー、ミーゼス、ハイエク、ハーバラー、シュトリグルRichard von Strigl(1891―1942)、モルゲンシュテルンなどの一群の人々はウィーン学派または新オーストリア学派とよばれ、貨幣的分析に優れており、資本理論や景気変動理論の分野で華々しい業績をあげ、諸外国にも影響を与えた。しかし第二次世界大戦までに、H・マイヤーなど若干の学者を残して大多数の学者がアメリカその他の諸国に去り、ウィーン学派は拡散してしまった。

[佐藤豊三郎]

『一谷藤一郎著『オーストリア学派経済学の新展開』(『経済学説全集10 近代経済学の展開』所収・1956・河出書房)』『J・シュムペーター著、東畑精一訳『経済分析の歴史 第5冊』(1958・岩波書店)』『C・メンガー著、安井琢磨訳『国民経済学原理』(1937・日本評論社)』『林治一著『オーストリア学派研究序説』(1966・有斐閣)』

[参照項目] | 近代経済学 | 経済学説史

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  War of Austrian Succession

>>:  Austrian Music - Austrian Music

Recommend

Mashike [town] - Mashike

A town in Mashike County, Hokkaido. It faces the S...

House of Bourbon - Bourbonke (English spelling) Bourbons

The royal family that ruled France from 1589 to 17...

Chapter

…the Roman Catholic Church is a body of the Churc...

Herb - herb (English spelling)

A general term for useful plants that have their ...

Siegfried (English spelling)

...The first night, Die Walküre (3 acts, 1856), t...

Cinnamic acid (Cinnamic acid)

A representative aromatic unsaturated carboxylic a...

Motoji Shibusawa

1876-1975 An electrical engineer from the Meiji t...

FORTRAN

Abbreviation for formula translator. A type of aut...

Light difference

The difference between the actual time when a phen...

Bendir (English spelling)

...The name corresponds to the Hebrew tōp, and hi...

Sá Carneiro, F. (English spelling) SaCarneiroF

…Official name: Portuguese RepublicRepública Port...

Minne, G. (English spelling) MinneG

...The latter was active in Germany from 1901 to ...

Gas gland

...There are two types of fish: those in which th...

Raft section - Raft section

A small folk song sung by rafters as they navigate...

Weiyang Palace - Biokyu

A palace built in the Han dynasty in China. Liu Ba...