American sociologist. After graduating from Mercer University, he studied under Giddings at Columbia University. He was invited to become a professor at Columbia University in 1919, and later to the University of Chicago in 1927, and was elected president of the American Sociological Association in 1929. During World War I, he was involved with federal government agencies and conducted social statistical surveys. He was also interested in women's liberation. He not only taught sociology, but also economics, political science, and statistics, and his research covered a wide range of topics, including social change, technology, family issues, cities, elections, and population issues. He is famous for his theory of cultural lag, which he proposed in his book On Social Change (1922). According to this theory, culture is divided into material culture and adaptive culture. Material culture includes technology, facilities, machines, etc., and progresses cumulatively. In contrast, non-material adaptive culture includes social institutions and value systems, and does not progress cumulatively. While technological progress in the form of inventions changes material culture at a high rate of change, adaptive culture, such as institutions and value systems, responds at a low rate of change, resulting in a difference in the pace of change between the two cultures. He emphasized that this is cultural lag, which results in serious maladjustment in a society undergoing rapid social change. However, he has been criticized for dividing cultures into two and pointing out the difference between them being too simplistic, and for overlooking the fact that adaptive culture can, conversely, slow down the rate of change in material culture. [Tsutomu Shiobara] [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アメリカの社会学者。マーサー大学を卒業し、コロンビア大学でギディングスに就いて学ぶ。1919年にコロンビア大学教授、のち1927年シカゴ大学教授に招かれ、1929年アメリカ社会学会会長に選ばれた。第一次世界大戦中は連邦政府機関に関係し、社会統計調査を実施した。女性解放にも関心をもった。社会学のみならず、経済学、政治学、統計学をも講じ、研究は社会変動、技術、家族問題、都市、選挙、人口問題など多方面にわたっている。『社会変動論』(1922)で提唱した文化遅滞(カルチュラル・ラッグ)理論は有名である。それによると、文化には物質的文化と適応的文化とが区別される。物質的文化は技術や施設や機械などを含んでおり、累積的に進歩する。これに対し非物質的な適応的文化は社会諸制度や価値体系を含んでおり、累積的には進歩しない。発明という技術進歩によって物質的文化は大きな変化率で変わるのに対し、制度や価値体系といった適応的文化は小さな変化率で反応するので、二つの文化の間に変動テンポのずれが生ずる。これが文化遅滞であって、社会変動の急速な社会では重大な不調節を結果する、と彼は強調した。しかし、文化を二つに区分して、その間のずれを指摘する考え方は単純にすぎるし、また適応的文化が逆に物質的文化の変化の速度を抑止するような反面があることを見落としている、といった批判などがある。 [塩原 勉] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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