surgery

Japanese: surgery
surgery

…In Japan, the word “surgery” is used because it deals with external procedures, i.e., “external therapy,” as opposed to “internal medicine,” which diagnoses and treats the inside of the body. The word for surgery in the West (English: “surgery,” “chirurgery,” German: “chirurgie,” French: “chirurgie”) comes from the Latin word “chirurgia,” which is a combination of two Greek words, “cheiro” (hand) and “ergon” (work), and means “work of the hand,” without the meaning of “outside.” In short, surgery is defined as a branch of medicine that treats illnesses by hand or surgical manipulation. …

From [Internal Medicine]

...One piece of evidence is that Hippocrates, in addition to his medical writings, also wrote a series of surgical writings, including On Head Injuries. However, in the Middle Ages, the field of surgery was alienated from medicine due to aversion to the sight of blood and contempt for manual labor (the word "surgery" comes from the Latin chirurgia, "hand work"). Surgical treatment was left to so-called barber surgeons who also worked as barbers, and medicine came to mean internal medicine. However, this alienation of surgery from medicine led to the emergence of excellent surgeons and the development of surgical techniques after the Renaissance, which led to surgery gaining an equal position to medicine as surgery in the 19th century, and as a result, internal medicine, which had previously been medicine, came to limit itself to internal medicine. ...

*Some terminology explanations that mention "surgery" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…日本では,内部を診断・治療する内科に対し,外部に関係した処置を行う,すなわち〈外治〉という意味から外科という言葉を用いている。欧米で外科にあたる言葉(英語surgery,chirurgery,ドイツ語Chirurgie,フランス語chirurgie)はラテン語のchirurgiaに由来するが,このラテン語はcheiro(手)とergon(わざ)という二つのギリシア語の合成にもとづくもので〈手のわざ〉という意であり,これには〈外〉という意味はない。要するに外科とは手や手術的操作によって病気を処理する医学の一分野と定義される。…

【内科】より

…ヒッポクラテスに,内科的著作のほかに,《頭部外傷について》その他の一連の外科医書があることもその一証拠になるであろう。ところが中世になると,血を見ることへの嫌悪や手仕事(外科を意味するsurgeryという言葉は〈手のわざ〉chirurgia(ラテン語)に由来)への蔑視などのために外科の分野がmedicineから疎外され,外科的治療は床屋と兼業のいわゆる床屋外科医に任されるようになり,medicineが内科を意味するにいたった。しかし,このmedicineからの外科の疎外は,ルネサンス以降のすぐれた外科医の輩出や手術手技の発達によって,19世紀に外科がsurgeryとしてmedicineと対等の位置を獲得することをもたらし,それによってそれまでmedicineであった内科それ自身がinternal medicineとして自己を限定するようになった。…

※「surgery」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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