isomer

Japanese: isomer
isomer

...When two or more chemical species have the same molecular formula or the chemical formula corresponding to it, but differ in the three-dimensional arrangement of the constituent atoms or other properties, and therefore differ in physical and/or chemical substances, they are said to be isomers of each other, and this phenomenon is called isomerism. The discovery of the phenomenon of isomerism made a great contribution to the development of organic chemistry. During the first quarter of the 19th century, the technology of elemental analysis improved, and it became possible to determine the equivalent of today's molecular formulas with a fair degree of accuracy. ...

From [Nuclear isomers]

…Excited states of atomic nuclei decay by neutrons, protons, alpha particles, etc., emitted by the strong interaction, or by gamma radiation, etc., due to electromagnetic interactions, depending on the excitation energy and angular momentum. The lifetime is usually less than 10-5 seconds, but excited states with abnormally long lifetimes can occur due to selection rules or more mechanical reasons. These are called nuclear isomers or isomers. Representative examples include low excitation energy, large spin (angular momentum) states with long lifetimes due to selection rules for gamma decay, fission shape isomers that occur in intermediate processes of nuclear fission, and yrast traps that occur near the point where the angular momentum changes from collective rotational motion to the alignment of the angular momentum of individual nucleons (protons and neutrons) in very large spin states. …

*Some terminology explanations that mention "isomer" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…分子式あるいはそれに対応する化学式は同じであるが,構成する原子の立体的な配列その他が異なるため,物理的および(または)化学的物質が異なる化学種が二つまたはそれ以上存在するとき,これらはたがいに異性体isomerであるといい,またこの現象を異性という。 異性現象の発見は有機化学の発展に大きな貢献をした。19世紀の最初の四半世紀の間に元素分析の技術は向上し,今日の分子式に相当するものがかなり正確に求められるようになってきた。…

【核異性体】より

…原子核の励起状態は,その励起エネルギーや角運動量に応じて,強い相互作用による中性子,陽子,α粒子などの粒子放出,あるいは電磁相互作用によるγ線放射などによって崩壊する。その寿命は通常10-5秒以下であるが,選択則あるいはより力学的原因で寿命が異常に長い励起状態が現れる場合がある。これを核異性体または異性核isomerと呼ぶ。代表的なものは,低い励起エネルギーの大きなスピン(角運動量)をもつ状態で,γ崩壊についての選択則により寿命が長くなるもの,核分裂の中間的過程に生ずる核分裂形状異性体,非常に大きなスピンの状態で,角運動量が集団的回転運動によるものから個々の核子(陽子と中性子の総称)の角運動量の整列に変化する付近に生ずるイラスト・トラップなどである。…

※「isomer」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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