hoketus

Japanese: hoketus
hoketus

...The Japanese and North American Indians consider singing in perfect unison to be the ideal, but the South American Indians and the Bedda people of Sri Lanka sing melodies that sound unrelated to us. There are also many different ways of singing different melodies simultaneously, such as two parts singing in parallel fourths (medieval Europe), one part sustaining a low tone to create a drone (South Asia), two or more parts singing to create a variety of harmonies (Europe, Afro-America), and even hoketus-like polyphony (African pygmies, Georgia, Bali, Indonesia), in which several parts sing a continuous pattern of clashing and conflicting sounds, resulting in a unique overall sound and rhythm. Furthermore, when observing the style of performance from another angle, there are styles in which one or a group of musicians perform on stage and the audience listens passively and silently (modern Europe, Japan), and styles in which all the people in the room creating the music actively participate in the performance, with no clear distinction between performer and listener (Africa, etc.).

*Some of the terminology that mentions "hoketus" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…原則としてユニゾンで一糸乱れずに歌うのが理想とされているのは,日本人や北米のインディアンなどだが,南米のインディオやスリランカのベッダ族は一人一人がわれわれには互いに無関係に聞こえる旋律を同時に歌う。また意図的に異なる旋律を同時に歌う方法も民族によってさまざまであり,二つの声部が平行4度で歌ったり(ヨーロッパ中世),一つの声部が低音を持続させてドローンを響かせたり(南アジア),二つ以上の声部が種々の和声を響かせることを意図した歌い方(ヨーロッパ,アフロ・アメリカ)などがあり,さらに,いくつかの声部がぶつかりくいちがうような音型を継続的に歌うことによって,全体として独特な音響とリズム型が現れるホケトゥスhoketus(ある旋律を歌詞に関係なく休符をはさんで短い断片にする)風な多声性(アフリカのピグミー,グルジア,インドネシアのバリ島)などが挙げられる。 さらに演奏の形態を別の角度から観察すると,1人ないし一団の音楽家がステージの上で演奏し,聴衆がこれを受動的に静粛に聴くという形(近代ヨーロッパ,日本)と,逆に音作りの場にいる人々がすべて積極的に演奏に参加し,弾き手と聴き手とが厳然と区別されない形(アフリカなど)とがある。…

※「hoketus」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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