Forster, TIM (English spelling) ForsterTIM

...This theory is considered to be a precursor to the empirical brain localization theory of the late 19th century, in that it asserted that different parts of the brain have different functions, but Gall's claim that conscience, love, and even the mind can be determined from the contours of the skull was banned by the Austrian government at the time as being against Christianity, so Gall left Vienna and moved to Paris, where he continued to practice and conduct research (Figure). His student JC Spurzheim (1776-1832) revised his theory and spread it to Europe and America, and together with his teacher published The Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General, and Especially of the Brain (1810-19), a four-volume set. It was Tim Forster who introduced this to England in 1815, naming it phrenology, and Spurzheim is said to have used the same name thereafter. Phrenology was popular among the general public because of its popular appeal, but its dubious uses led to its disrepute and it was gradually forgotten. …

*Some of the terminology that mentions "Forster, TIM" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

…この学説は，脳の異なる部位が異なる機能を持つことを主張した限りで，19世紀後半の実証的な脳局在論に先駆するものとみなされるが，〈良心〉や〈愛〉や〈精神〉まで頭蓋の凹凸から判断するというガル一流の主張は，キリスト教に反するとして当時のオーストリア政府から禁圧され，このため彼はウィーンを去ってパリに移り，開業と研究を続けた（図）。　彼の説を修正して欧米に広めたのは弟子シュプルツハイムJ.C.Spurzheim(1776‐1832)で，師とともに《神経系一般，とりわけ脳の解剖学と生理学》全4巻(1810‐19)を刊行したが，これを1815年に〈phrenology〉と名づけてイギリスに紹介したのはフォースターT.I.M.Forsterで，シュプルツハイムも以後この名称を使ったという。骨相学はその通俗的おもしろさから一般人の間でも人気を博したが，いかがわしい利用法がたたって名誉を失墜し，しだいに忘れられていった。…

※「Forster，T.I.M.」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

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