…Gödel's concise and complete proof is given in "The consistency of the axiom of choice and the general continuum hypothesis from set theory" (1940). In 1963, Cohen discovered a new method called forcing, and performed groundbreaking work to show that V = L , the continuum hypothesis, and the axiom of choice are each independent of ZFC (or ZF). In fact, Cohen proved that if ZF is consistent, then (1) there exists a set a that is not constructible from a subset of ω, i.e., a ⊂ ω and a ∉ L , and there exists a model of ZF in which the general continuum hypothesis (and of course AC) holds (combined with Gödel's result, V = L is independent of ZF plus the general continuum hypothesis); (2) there exists a model of ZF in which the axiom of choice holds, but (hence the continuum hypothesis is independent of ZFC); and (3) there exists a model of ZF in which the power set P (ω) of ω is not a well-ordered set, no matter how it is ordered (hence the axiom of choice is independent of ZF). … *Some terminology explanations that mention "forcing" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…ゲーデルによる簡潔にして完全な証明が《選択公理と一般連続体仮説の集合論からの無矛盾性》(1940)で与えられている。 1963年,コーエンは強制法forcingという新しい手法を発見して,V=L,連続体仮説や選択公理がそれぞれZFC(あるいはZF)から独立であることを示す画期的な仕事を行った。実際に,コーエンは,ZFが無矛盾ならば,(1)ωの部分集合で構成可能でない集合a,すなわち,a⊂ωでa∉Lとなるような集合aが存在し,しかも一般連続体仮説(もちろんACも)が成り立つようなZFのモデルが存在する(ゲーデルの結果と合わせ考えれば,V=LはZFに一般連続体仮説をつけ加えたものから独立)(2)選択公理は成り立つが,であるようなZFのモデルが存在する(したがって連続体仮説はZFCから独立)(3)ωのべき集合P(ω)がいかなる順序をつけても整列集合にはならないようなZFのモデルが存在する(したがって選択公理はZFから独立)ことなどを証明した。… ※「forcing」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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