forcing

Japanese: forcing
forcing

…Gödel's concise and complete proof is given in "The consistency of the axiom of choice and the general continuum hypothesis from set theory" (1940). In 1963, Cohen discovered a new method called forcing, and performed groundbreaking work to show that V = L , the continuum hypothesis, and the axiom of choice are each independent of ZFC (or ZF). In fact, Cohen proved that if ZF is consistent, then (1) there exists a set a that is not constructible from a subset of ω, i.e., a ⊂ ω and aL , and there exists a model of ZF in which the general continuum hypothesis (and of course AC) holds (combined with Gödel's result, V = L is independent of ZF plus the general continuum hypothesis); (2) there exists a model of ZF in which the axiom of choice holds, but (hence the continuum hypothesis is independent of ZFC); and (3) there exists a model of ZF in which the power set P (ω) of ω is not a well-ordered set, no matter how it is ordered (hence the axiom of choice is independent of ZF). …

*Some terminology explanations that mention "forcing" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…ゲーデルによる簡潔にして完全な証明が《選択公理と一般連続体仮説の集合論からの無矛盾性》(1940)で与えられている。 1963年,コーエンは強制法forcingという新しい手法を発見して,VL,連続体仮説や選択公理がそれぞれZFC(あるいはZF)から独立であることを示す画期的な仕事を行った。実際に,コーエンは,ZFが無矛盾ならば,(1)ωの部分集合で構成可能でない集合a,すなわち,a⊂ωでaLとなるような集合aが存在し,しかも一般連続体仮説(もちろんACも)が成り立つようなZFのモデルが存在する(ゲーデルの結果と合わせ考えれば,VLはZFに一般連続体仮説をつけ加えたものから独立)(2)選択公理は成り立つが,であるようなZFのモデルが存在する(したがって連続体仮説はZFCから独立)(3)ωのべき集合P(ω)がいかなる順序をつけても整列集合にはならないようなZFのモデルが存在する(したがって選択公理はZFから独立)ことなどを証明した。…

※「forcing」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

<<:  Forcipiger flavissimus

>>:  forcierte Normalizierung (English notation) forcierte Normalizierung

Recommend

Great Yarmouth

A port city on the east coast of Norfolk, eastern ...

Kano Domain

A small to medium-sized fudai domain with its head...

L'Orchestre de la Suisse Romande (English: Swiss Romande Orchestra)

The orchestra was founded in Geneva in 1918 by Ans...

Umi Hachiman Shrine - Umi Hachimangu

(Umi Town, Kasuya District, Fukuoka Prefecture) A ...

Lappeenranta - Lappeenranta (English spelling)

A commercial city in southeastern Finland, sandwic...

Advance - Stop

〘 noun 〙 (also "shinji") 1. To advance a...

Brass instrument - Kinkan-gakki (English spelling) brass instrument English

A general term for wind instruments that produce ...

Kiyosuke Ooka

Year of death: 11th April 1717 (21st May 1717) Yea...

Ukha (Russia)

A Russian dish, fish soup. Source : Kodansha Dicti...

Letters of Junius

A famous set of anonymous letters published in the...

Smoked pickled radish - Smoked pickled radish

...There is also Senmaizuke, which uses Onuma tur...

Pigeon breast

(2) Pigeon chest (pectus carinatum, pigeon chest) ...

raifort sauvage (English spelling) raifortsauvage

…It was introduced to Japan from the United State...

Analog signal

A signal that is expressed as a continuous quantit...

Takatori ware

A representative early modern pottery kiln in Fuk...