Euler, Leonhard

Japanese: オイラー(英語表記)Euler, Leonhard
Euler, Leonhard
Born: April 15, 1707, Basel
Died: September 18, 1783. Swiss mathematician from St. Petersburg. One of the most gifted mathematicians of the 18th century and one of the founders of modern analysis. He studied under J. Bernoulli, and in 1730 he became a professor of physics at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, and in 1733 he became a professor of mathematics. In 1741 he became a member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He soon lost the sight in one eye due to excessive work, and in his later years he also lost the sight in the other eye, but his enthusiasm for learning never faded. He returned to St. Petersburg in 1766, and died there. His achievements are notable in the field of pure mathematics, but he also made contributions to physics and astronomy. There are many conventional symbols and theorems named after Euler, from elementary geometry to advanced analysis. He left behind many great achievements, including the analytical treatment of trigonometric functions, the algorithmic treatment of logarithms, the proof of the addition theorem for elliptic integrals, the discovery of the law of reciprocity of quadratic residues in number theory, and pioneering research into differential geometry, the calculus of variations, and differential equations. His main works are "Introduction to Infinitesimal Analysis" (2 volumes, 1748), "Principles of Differential Calculus" (55), and "Principles of Integral Calculus" (3 volumes, 68-70).

Euler
Euler, Ulf Svante von

Born: February 7, 1905 in Stockholm
[Died] March 10, 1983. Swedish physiologist. Son of H. Euler-Kölpin, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Graduated from medical school at the Karolinska Institutet, receiving his doctorate in 1930. Professor of Physiology at the Karolinska Institutet (1939-1971), member of the Royal Swedish Academy, member of the Nobel Prize selection committee for Physiology or Medicine (1953-65), and chairman of the Nobel Foundation (1966). In 1948, he discovered noradrenaline, and achieved many other research results in the 1940s, including the discovery of neurotransmitters in peripheral nerve endings and elucidation of the mechanisms of their storage, release, and inactivation. For these achievements, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1970, along with J. Axelrod and B. Katz.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1707.4.15. バーゼル
[没]1783.9.18. ペテルブルグ
スイスの数学者。 18世紀を通じ最も多才な数学者で,近代解析学の創始者の一人。 J.ベルヌーイのもとで学び,1730年にペテルブルグ科学アカデミーの物理学教授,33年に数学教授となる。 41年ベルリン科学アカデミー会員。過度の仕事によりまもなく片方の目の視力を失い,晩年には残りの一方も失明したが,学問に対する熱意は少しも衰えなかった。 66年再びペテルブルグに戻り,その地で没した。彼の業績は,純粋数学の分野に顕著であるが,物理学,天文学にも功績を残している。オイラーの名のつく慣用の記号や定理が,初等幾何学から高等解析学の分野にいたるまで多数存在する。三角関数の解析的取扱い,対数の算法的取扱い,楕円積分の加法定理の証明,整数論における平方剰余の相互法則その他の発見,微分幾何学,変分法,微分方程式への先駆的研究など多大の成果を残した。主著『無限小解析緒論』 (2巻,1748) ,『微分学原理』 (55) ,『積分学原理』 (3巻,68~70) 。

オイラー
Euler, Ulf Svante von

[生]1905.2.7. ストックホルム
[没]1983.3.10. ストックホルム
スウェーデンの生理学者。ノーベル化学賞を受けた H.オイラー=ケルピンの子。カロリンスカ研究所の医学校卒業,1930年学位取得。カロリンスカ研究所生理学教授 (1939~71) ,スウェーデン王立アカデミー会員,ノーベル生理学・医学賞選考委員 (53~65) ,ノーベル財団理事長 (66) 。 48年にノルアドレナリンを発見するなど,40年代に,神経末梢部の伝達物質の発見とその貯蔵・解離・不活化の機構の解明など多くの研究成果を上げた。これらの業績に対して,70年に,J.アクセルロッド,B.カッツとともにノーベル生理学・医学賞が授与された。

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