contingency theory

…During this time, the concerns of American management were not limited to the production site, but were directed toward the overall management of business activities. Until the 1950s, the theoretical backbone of the school was the management process school's approach, which analyzed management activities in general, such as "getting things done through people," by dividing them into the processes of planning, organization, command, and control. However, in the 1960s, criticism of this approach led to the development of contingency theory, which argues that efficient management methods differ depending on the situation in which the organization is placed, and this theory became the mainstream of American management. Separate from this trend, modern organization theory, which originated in CI Barnard's The Role of the Manager (1937), was taken over by HA Simon and others and developed. …

*Some explanations of terms that mention "contingency theory" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

…　この間にもアメリカ経営学の問題意識は，生産現場にとどまることなく，企業活動の全般的な管理に向けられていったが，50年代までその理論的支柱となっていたのは，〈人を通じて事をなさしめる〉という管理活動一般を計画･組織･指揮･統制の各過程に分けて分析する経営過程学派management process schoolの考え方であった。しかし，60年代には，これに対する批判から，効率的な管理方式はその組織のおかれた状況によって異なるという条件適応理論contingency theoryが生まれ，アメリカ経営学の主流となった。この流れとは別に，C.I.バーナードの《経営者の役割》(1937)を祖とする近代組織理論modern organization theoryが，H.A.サイモンらに引き継がれて発達していた。…

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