Semipermeable membrane

Japanese: 半透膜 - はんとうまく(英語表記)semipermeable membrane
Semipermeable membrane

A membrane that allows only some of the components to pass through, but does not allow the other components to pass through, in gas mixtures, solutions, colloidal dispersions, etc. Ideal semipermeable membranes are often assumed in thermodynamics, but they allow only certain components to pass through completely in gas mixtures or solutions, while completely blocking the other components.

Semipermeable membranes made by depositing copper ferrocyanide in the pores of unglazed pottery allow water to pass through but most ions cannot. Cellophane, parchment paper, and bladder membranes allow low molecular weight solutes and ions to pass through but do not allow colloidal particles to pass through, and are therefore used in dialysis. Various membranes in living organisms also exhibit their own unique semipermeable properties. When solutions of different concentrations are brought into contact with each other across a semipermeable membrane, the solvent moves towards the one with the higher concentration.

[Yamazaki Akira]

[Reference] | Osmotic pressure | Dialysis

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

気体の混合物や溶液、コロイド分散系などにおいて、成分の一部のみを透過させるが、他の成分の通過が不可能な膜をいう。理想的半透膜が熱力学においてよく仮定されるが、混合気体や溶液の中で、特定の成分のみ完全に通過させ、他の成分は完全に遮断できるようなものである。

 フェロシアン化銅を素焼の細孔中に沈着させてつくった半透膜は、水は通過させるがほとんどのイオンは通過できない。セロファンや硫酸紙、膀胱(ぼうこう)膜になると、低分子の溶質やイオンは通過させるがコロイド粒子を通さない膜であるから、透析などに利用される。生体中のいろいろな膜も、それぞれに特徴ある半透膜としての性質を示す。半透膜を境として濃度の異なる溶液を接触させると、濃度の高いほうへと溶媒が移動する。

[山崎 昶]

[参照項目] | 浸透圧 | 透析

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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