clear and present danger

Japanese: clear and present danger(英語表記)clearandpresentdanger
clear and present danger

… Some human rights are guaranteed in an absolute way, such as freedom of thought and conscience, freedom from censorship, and the prohibition of torture, and there is no room for balancing of interests when it comes to these human rights. When the principle of clear and present danger applies, which means that there must be a clear and imminent danger that serious harm will result from the act of expression, or when the theory of clarity applies, which means that legislation that restricts freedom of expression is unconstitutional unless it is based on clear standards, the freedom of expression is guaranteed similarly. Next, the theory of the double standard is important, which distinguishes between freedom of mental activity such as speech and publication and freedom of economic activity such as freedom of occupation and business, and says that when courts examine the constitutionality of legislation restricting human rights, they should consider different standards of review. …

From Holmes the Younger

…As a Supreme Court justice, he argued that the judiciary should respect the legislative branch's judgments regarding economic and social issues, and published many opinions opposing the majority's decision to declare many economic and social laws unconstitutional for violating the due process clause from a natural law perspective, earning him the nickname "The Great Dissenter." On the other hand, he took the position that restrictions on freedom of speech and the press were permitted only when there was a "clear and present danger" of causing harm (of such a nature that the legislature could be said to have the power to prevent it). In legal studies, he attacked the strange combination of natural law, historical jurisprudence, and analytical jurisprudence that was behind the thinking of American lawyers in the late 19th century, and advocated that law should be evaluated as a means to achieve a certain end, and that when trying to understand what law is, we should abandon a moralistic approach and focus solely on predicting what conclusion the court will give to the issue. …

*Some of the terminology used in this article includes explanations of "clear and present danger."

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

… 人権のなかには,思想・良心の自由,検閲からの自由,拷問の禁止のように,絶対的なかたちで保障されているものがあり,これらの人権については利益衡量の余地はない。表現の自由の制限について,その表現行為から重大な害悪が発生する明白で切迫した危険がなければならないという,明白かつ現在の危険clear and present dangerの原則が妥当するとき,あるいは表現の自由を制限する立法は明確な基準によるものでなければ憲法違反だとする明確性の理論が適用されるときも,上に準じた強い保障を受ける。つぎに,言論・出版などの精神活動の自由と職業選択・営業の自由などの経済活動の自由とを区別し,裁判所が人権規制立法の合憲性を審査する際に,審査の基準を分けて考えるべきだという〈二重の基準double standard〉の理論が重要である。…

【ホームズ[子]】より

…合衆国最高裁判所裁判官としては,経済問題・社会問題に関する立法については司法部は立法部の判断を尊重すべきであるとし,多数意見が自然法的な立場から経済立法・社会立法の多くをデュー・プロセス条項(デュー・プロセス・オブ・ロー)違反として違憲としたことに反対する意見を数多く発表して,〈偉大な少数意見者The Great Dissenter〉とよばれた。他方,言論・出版の自由については,(立法部がそれを防止する権限をもつといえるような性質の)害悪を生ぜしめる〈明白かつ現在の危険clear and present danger〉のあるときにのみ,その規制が許されるという立場を打ち出した。 法学の面では,19世紀後半におけるアメリカの法律家のものの考え方の背後にあった自然法思想と歴史法学と分析法学の3者の奇妙な結合を攻撃し,法はある目的を実現するための手段として評価すべきこと,法が何であるかを認識しようとする際には,道徳的なアプローチを捨て,裁判所がその問題にどういう結論を与えるかの予測に徹すべきであることを提唱した。…

※「clear and present danger」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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