calpulli

Japanese: calpulli

…The office of Aztec king or emperor, as the Spanish considered it, was not originally the title of tyrant in the Old World, but a supreme military commander elected by a kind of council. The Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, in what is today Mexico City, was divided into four districts, each of which was divided into smaller districts occupied by groups called calpulli. Each calpulli had its own profession, its own god, its own temples, its own land, and a certain degree of self-governing institutions. …

From Latin America

... In terms of the type of land occupation by indigenous peoples before colonial rule, they can be broadly divided into so-called Core America, where indigenous cultures had developed to a high level before the conquest and where governing structures up to the national level, such as the Aztecs and Incas, had been established, and the former were densely populated and engaged in intensive settled cultivation, and agricultural communities based on the common ownership of land, called calpulli by the Aztecs and ayyu by the Incas, were established and were integrated into the state through a certain amount of corvée (mita by the Incas) and a tribute system. In contrast, the latter were places where slash-and-burn cultivation or a hunting and gathering economy were the norm, and social groups were small and isolated. ...

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "calpulli" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…スペイン人がアステカの王もしくは皇帝と考えた職は，もともと旧大陸の専制君主にあたるようなものではなく，一種の議会の手で選挙された最高の軍司令官であった。こんにちのメキシコ市にあったアステカの首都テノチティトランは，四つの地区に区画され，そのおのおのはまた，カルプリcalpulliという集団の占める小地区に分かれる。各カルプリはそれぞれ独自の職業に従事し，各自の神と神殿と土地と，そしてある程度の自治的な制度とをもつ。…

【ラテン･アメリカ】より

…　植民地支配以前における先住民の土地占有の型によってみれば，それは征服前に土着の文化が高度に発達し，アステカやインカなど国家レベルまでの統治機構が形成されていたメキシコ，中央アメリカ，アンデス高原の諸地域，いわゆる核アメリカと，その他の地域に大別できよう。前者においては，人口稠密（ちゆうみつ）で集約的な定住耕作が行われ，アステカではカルプリcalpulli，インカではアイユと呼ばれていた土地の共有を基盤とした農村共同体が成立し，一定の賦役(インカではミタ)，貢納制によって国家に統合されていた。それに対して，後者は，もっぱら焼畑耕作，または狩猟，採集経済で，社会集団の規模も小さく，孤立的であったところである。…

※「calpulli」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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