Yoshio Nishina

Japanese: 仁科芳雄 - にしなよしお
Yoshio Nishina

Physicist. Known as a pioneer of nuclear physics and theoretical physics in Japan. Born in Okayama Prefecture. Studied at the Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Imperial University, and was supervised by Hantaro Nagaoka in graduate school. Soon after, he joined the RIKEN Institute and joined the Kujirai Laboratory. In 1921 (Taisho 10), he became a researcher, and then studied at Cambridge University under Rutherford. He then came into contact with Born and Hilbert at the University of Göttingen, and in 1923 moved to Copenhagen, where he worked on quantum physics research under Bohr for five years. At the time, quantum mechanics was in its formative period, and the atmosphere of Copenhagen, which was the center of this field and a lively research environment, seems to have had a strong influence on Nishina. During this time, he investigated the relationship between L absorption spectrum and atomic structure in collaboration with Dirk Coster (1889-1950), and calculated X-ray scattering with O. Klein, resulting in the "Klein-Nishina equation" (1928).

In 1928 (Showa 3), after returning to Japan after an eight-year absence, he continued to work at the Nagaoka Laboratory at RIKEN, but in the summer of 1931, he took over the Nishina Laboratory as the youngest chief researcher, and this laboratory became the base for atomic nuclei and cosmic ray research in Japan, and a group of full-fledged researchers in this field began their activities. The subsequent development of nuclear physics centered around the Nishina Laboratory is often spoken of as a glorious era. This is partly due to the research system at RIKEN, but of course it is also largely due to Nishina's excellent leadership as a research organizer. He was one of the first to set up various nuclear experiment equipment that was innovative for the time, and conducted experiments on new themes. For example, in the year that artificial radioactivity was discovered, he reported the measurement of the energy spectrum of positrons emitted by radioactive phosphorus (3015P ) (1934). On the other hand, he promoted the theoretical research of Tomonaga Shin'ichiro and others, and intended to work closely with them.

Around 1933, he began research on cosmic rays, conducting a series of observational experiments on mountaintops, in the upper atmosphere, underground (Shimizu Tunnel), and during solar eclipses. In 1938, he succeeded in discovering the track of a meson (later known as a muon) and determining its mass. He also photographed heavy particles, though this was not made public. He also built accelerators, which are a powerful weapon in nuclear experiments, and completed a 23-ton cyclotron in 1937, followed by a large 200-ton cyclotron (1944). These cyclotrons were destroyed and discarded by the U.S. military after Japan's defeat in World War II, and Riken was also dissolved at the same time. It was later reorganized, and Nishina became its director (1946). After the organization was changed to RIKEN Co., Ltd., he served as its president, and contributed to the domestic production of penicillin, among other things. He received the Order of Culture in 1946, and became a member of the Japan Academy in 1948.

[Jun Fujimura]

"Yoshio Nishina: Biography and Reminiscences" edited by Shinichiro Tomonaga and Hidehiko Tamaki (1952, Misuzu Shobo)

[References] | cosmic rays | absorption spectrum | Koutaro Kujirai | nucleus | heavy particles | mesons | Hantaro Nagaoka | penicillin | Bohr | positrons | Rutherford | RIKEN | quantum mechanics

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

物理学者。日本の核物理学、理論物理学の開拓者として知られる。岡山県生まれ。東京帝国大学工学部電気工学科に学び、大学院では長岡半太郎の指導を受け、まもなく理化学研究所に入所、鯨井研究室に所属した。1921年(大正10)研究員となり、ついでケンブリッジ大学に留学、ラザフォードのもとで学んだ。その後、ゲッティンゲン大学でボルン、ヒルベルトらに接し、1923年にコペンハーゲンに移って以後5年間にわたり、ボーアのもとで量子物理学の研究に従事した。量子力学の形成期にあたる当時、その中心として活気あふれる研究状況にあったコペンハーゲンの雰囲気は、仁科に強い影響を与えたようである。この間、コスターDirk Coster(1889―1950)と共同でL吸収スペクトルと原子構造の関係を調べ、O・クラインとともにX線散乱の計算を行って「クライン‐仁科の式」を得ている(1928)。

 1928年(昭和3)8年ぶりに帰国後、引き続き理研の長岡研究室にあったが、1931年の夏から最年少の主任研究員として仁科研究室を主宰することになり、ここに、原子核・宇宙線研究の日本における拠点として、この分野の本格的な研究者集団の活動が開始された。仁科研究室を中心とする以後の核物理学の発展は、しばしば栄光の時代として語られる。それは一つには理研の研究体制にも帰せられるが、もちろん仁科の研究組織者としての優れた指導力に負うところも大きい。当時としては斬新(ざんしん)な各種の核実験装置をいち早く整備するとともに、新鮮なテーマに対して実験を行い、たとえば、人工放射能の発見の年に、放射性リン(3015P)の放出する陽電子のエネルギースペクトルの測定を報告している(1934)。一方では朝永振一郎(ともながしんいちろう)らの理論的研究を推進させ、それとの緊密な連係を意図した。

 1933年ごろからは宇宙線研究に着手し、山頂や高層大気中、あるいは地下(清水(しみず)トンネル)や日食時の観測など一連の観測実験を行い、また宇宙線粒子については、1938年中間子(後のμ(ミュー)中間子)の飛跡の発見とその質量決定に成功した。また公表には至らなかったが重粒子の撮影もなされたという。他方、核実験の有力な武器である加速器の建設も行い、1937年23トンのサイクロトロンを完成、ついで200トンの大サイクロトロンを完成した(1944)。これらのサイクロトロンは第二次世界大戦の敗戦とともにアメリカ軍により破壊棄却され、同時に理研も解体された。その後再編成され、仁科はその所長となり(1946)、組織が株式会社理化学研究所に変更されてのちはその社長として活動し、ペニシリンの国産化などにも貢献した。1946年文化勲章を受け、1948年日本学士院会員になっている。

[藤村 淳]

『朝永振一郎・玉木英彦編『仁科芳雄・伝記と回想』(1952・みすず書房)』

[参照項目] | 宇宙線 | 吸収スペクトル | 鯨井恒太郎 | 原子核 | 重粒子 | 中間子 | 長岡半太郎 | ペニシリン | ボーア | 陽電子 | ラザフォード | 理化学研究所 | 量子力学

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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