Ediacara fauna - Ediacara fauna

Japanese: エディアカラ動物群 - えでぃあからどうぶつぐん(英語表記)Ediacara fauna
Ediacara fauna - Ediacara fauna

A group of animal fossils discovered in 1947 in the topmost Proterozoic layer of a small hill called Ediacara on the north shore of Lake Torrens in the Flinders Ranges in southern Australia. It mainly consists of coelenterates such as jellyfish, sea pens, and scyphozoans, and also includes many impression fossils (fossils in which only the impression of the shape remains as a mold) of invertebrates such as annelids of the lugworm family. Its geological age is estimated to be about 600 million years ago, older than the Burgess fauna of the early Cambrian period that had been discovered up to that point, and it has attracted attention as the oldest invertebrate. The paleontologist Martin Fritz Glaessner (1906-1989), who studied it, named it after the place where it was found in 1950. Later, in 1952, animal fossils of almost the same content were discovered in Vendian strata on the White Sea coast located on the Russian plateau in the Urals, and in 1972 in strata in the Namibia region of South Africa. The former is called the Vend fauna, and the latter the Kuibis fauna or Nama fauna. These fauna are accompanied by trace fossils such as crawling tracks of what are thought to be annelids. Other fauna have been discovered in Latin America, the UK, Poland, the Himalayan region of India, China, northwestern Canada and Newfoundland.

All of these are impressions of invertebrates such as coelenterates, sponges, annelids, nematodes, and primitive arthropods, but no animals with hard shells are included. Before these animal groups were discovered, it was believed that invertebrates with large calcareous shells first appeared 540 million years ago, at the beginning of the Cambrian period of the Paleozoic era, but their appearance actually dates back to 600 million years ago. The seas in which these animal groups lived were shallow waters covered with limestone called stromatolites, and it is believed that invertebrates developed in such waters and were only able to develop hard shells in the Cambrian period. For this reason, Glessner distinguishes the period from 600 million years ago to 540 million years ago as the Eocambrian period. Separately, the strata of the Russian Plateau that bear the Vendian fauna are called the Vendian, but their beginnings are slightly older than the Procambrian. During this time, the atmosphere surrounding the Earth contained free oxygen in a state similar to that of today, and the ozone layer was well developed, which controlled the exposure of the Earth's surface to ultraviolet light, promoting the development of life. Also, before the time when these invertebrates developed, the Earth was hit by a cold climate, and glacial deposits can be seen all over the world.

[Masae Omori]

"The Great Explosion of Evolution: Exploring the Roots of Animals" by Masae Omori (2000, Shin Nihon Shuppansha)

[Reference items] | Fossils | Annelids | Coelenterates | Stromatolites | Burgess Fauna | Invertebrates

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

1947年に発見された、オーストラリア南部フリンダー山脈のトレンズ湖北岸にあるエディアカラとよぶ小さな丘の原生界最上部の地層から産出する動物化石群。クラゲやウミエラの仲間や鉢虫(はちむし)類などの腔腸(こうちょう)動物を主とし、ゴカイの仲間の環形動物をはじめとする無脊椎(せきつい)動物の多くの印象化石(形態の印象だけが型となって残された化石)を含む。その地質年代は約6億年前とされ、それまでに発見されたカンブリア紀初期のバージェス動物群よりも古く、最古の無脊椎動物として注目された。これを研究した古生物学者グレッスナーMartin Fritz Glaessner(1906―1989)が、1950年に産地の名をとって命名した。その後1952年、ウラル地方のロシア台地に位置する白海沿岸のベンド期の地層から、さらに1972年には南アフリカのナミビア地方の地層からほぼ同じ内容の動物化石群が発見された。前者をベンド動物群Vend fauna、後者をクイビス動物群Kuibis faunaまたはナマ動物群Nama faunaとよんでいる。これらの動物群には、環形動物と思われるものの這(は)い跡などの生痕化石も伴っている。そのほかラテンアメリカ各地、イギリス、ポーランド、インドのヒマラヤ地方、中国、カナダ北西部およびニューファンドランド州などからも発見されている。

 いずれも腔腸動物のほかに、海綿動物、環形動物、紐形(ひもがた)動物、原始的な節足動物などの無脊椎動物の印象化石で、硬い殻(から)をもつ動物の化石は含まれていない。これらの動物群が発見されるまでは、古生代のカンブリア紀が始まる今から5億4000万年前になって、初めて大形の石灰質の殻をもつ無脊椎動物が出現したと考えられていたが、出現の時期はさらに古く6億年前にさかのぼる。これらの動物群が生息した海は、ストロマトライトとよぶ石灰岩に覆われた浅い海域で、無脊椎動物はこのような海域で発達し、カンブリア紀になって初めて硬い殻をもつことができたと考えられている。そのためグレッスナーは6億年前から5億4000万年前までの時代を始カンブリア紀Eocambrianとよんで区別している。これとは別に、ベンド動物群を産出するロシア台地の地層群の示す地層年代をベンド期Vendianとよんでいるが、その始まりは始カンブリア紀よりもやや古い。この時期の地球を囲む大気中には、自由酸素が現在に近い状態に含まれており、オゾン層も発達していたため、地球表面に対する紫外線の照射も制御されていたことが、生物の発達を促した。またこれらの無脊椎動物が発達した時代の前には、地球が寒冷気候に襲われた時期があり、世界各地に氷河堆積層が認められる。

[大森昌衛]

『大森昌衛著『進化の大爆発――動物のルーツを探る』(2000・新日本出版社)』

[参照項目] | 化石 | 環形動物 | 腔腸動物 | ストロマトライト | バージェス動物群 | 無脊椎動物

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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