Generally speaking, they can be called "parables" that use concrete images to easily illustrate some abstract idea (such as greed, wit, or courage), but more specifically, they can be stories that are intended to teach humans some kind of lesson by mainly depicting the lives of animals (and sometimes plants), and are usually characterized by their short and humorous form. This kind of story is generally called fable, as Aesop's Fables, which is a representative example of this kind of story. However, the Latin word fabula, from which fable originates, generally means "tale" or "fiction," so if we interpret fable broadly, it can include almost the entire range from myths to fairy tales. In addition to fable, there are the words allegory and parable, which are also often translated as fable or parable, and the distinction between them is not very clear. Here, I will simply point out that, roughly speaking, parables are tales that use parables, such as those often used by Jesus in the Bible, and that even if they sometimes have a magnificent figurative quality, they are not complete as independent stories, and allegories are satirical stories or allegorical tales (for example, Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress), which are long, and the human figures depicted are realistic and serious, borrowing the figures of animals, etc., and are quite different from fables. The word fable here can be translated as fable. Samuel Johnson, a British poet and critic, said, "A fable is essentially a story in which irrational animals, or sometimes inanimate objects, appear to speak or act with human interest and emotion, for the purpose of teaching a moral lesson." This description is well suited to Aesop's Fables and the Indian Jatakas, and is often used as a definition of a fable. The reason why such moral tales were created using animals and other creatures is that stories written about humans tend to be heavy and preachy, but by using innocent animals as the main characters, the message can be expressed simply and with a touch of humor, which draws the listener in. The excellent French fable writer La Fontaine also said, "We are weary of sermons, but we listen to fables with pleasure, and learn with enjoyment." [Yamamuro Shizuka] The origin and evolution of fablesSo when and by whom were these fables created? In the West, Aesop's fables are considered to be the most representative collections, while in the East, the Jatakas from India are considered to be the most representative collections. Aesop is said to have been a slave on the island of Samos in the 6th century BC. He was known for his eloquence as a storyteller during his lifetime, and Herodotus and Plato also wrote about him. However, no works that are said to have been written by him remain, and the ones that remain today are those collected by Demetrius, Babrius, and Phaedrus, who lived a little later. On the other hand, the Jatakas, which are also called "Tales of the Original Life," are stories that explain the teachings of Buddha by referring them to his experiences in a previous life, and are said to have been created around the 3rd century BC. Both were created very early, but fables are intellectual works, and unlike the simple animal stories that are common among primitive peoples in Africa, they have a clear structure and purpose. It is likely that such animal stories had been around for a long time in both Greece and India, and that Aesop and the authors of the Jatakas adopted them and adapted them to suit the teachings they were trying to teach. In this sense, it is not surprising that almost identical stories are often found in both Aesop's Fables and the Jatakas. Rather than asking which story was created first and which was imported to which, we should understand that stories that were widely circulated among the people were adopted by wise men in both Greece and India. The famous story of "The Lion and the Mouse" from Aesop's Fables appears in India in a slightly different form, but it also appears in Egypt much earlier, so there is no doubt that there was cultural exchange between these countries from ancient times, or perhaps it first originated in Egypt and spread from east to west. In any case, there was a good reason why this form of fable developed greatly in Greece, when civic culture was in its heyday, and in India, when it was enthusiastic about spreading Buddhism. Furthermore, in India, the fables were first written by Buddhists as stories of the Buddha's past life, but later the religious overtones were diluted and they came to teach wisdom for ordinary life, resulting in the huge collections of fables such as the Panchatantra and Hitopadesha, which were adapted in Persia and Arabia to become the fable collections of Lokman, Piddupai and others, and through these had a considerable influence on Europe (Andersen had Piddupai's book spread out on his deathbed). On the other hand, it goes without saying that Aesop's Fables became increasingly famous in Europe throughout ancient and medieval times. However, since fables are a small form and the morals they teach are simple, it is difficult to create something new, and perhaps for this reason they gradually declined. Goethe's Reineke Fox, the French La Fontaine, the Russian Krylov, and others were quite successful, and the German Lessing made great efforts to revive it, but it does not seem to have been very successful. [Yamamuro Shizuka] "Lessing, translated by Yoshio Nakagawa, Fables and Fable Theory (1947, Yakumo Shoten)" ▽ "Oda Mitsuji, Fable Literature (1937, Kobunsha)" [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
一般的にいえば、なんらかの抽象的観念(貪欲(どんよく)、機知、勇気など)を、具体的な形象に託してわかりやすく描いた「たとえ話」といえようが、砕いていえば、おもに動物の(ときには植物の)生活を描くことで人間になんらかの教訓を与えることを意図した物語としてよく、たいていは短くてユーモラスな形をとっている点に特色がある。 この種の話は、その代表とみるべき『イソップ物語』がAesop's Fablesとよばれるように、一般にfableとよばれる。しかし、もともとfableがそこから出たラテン語のfabulaは、一般に「お話」「つくり話」の意であるから、fableも広く解すれば神話からおとぎ話までのほとんど全域を含ませることができる。また、fableと別に、やはり寓話、たとえ話としばしば訳されるallegoryやparableの語があって、その区別もあまりはっきりしない。ここでは大まかに、parableは、聖書のなかでイエスがよく用いているような、たとえを用いての説話で、ときにみごとな形象性をもっているとしても、独立したお話としては完結していないもの、またallegoryは、風刺物語とか寓意譚(たん)とすべきもの(たとえばバニヤンの『天路歴程』)で、長さも長く、描き出される人間像も、動物の姿などを借りながら写実的で深刻で、fableとはかなり異なった姿のもの、と指摘するにとどめておく。ここにいう寓話は、fableの訳としてよい。 イギリスの詩人で批評家でもあるサミュエル・ジョンソンは、次のようにいっている。「fableとはその本質において一つの物語というべきもので、理性をもたぬ動物や時には無生物が、道徳的教訓を目的として、人間的関心や感情をもって発言したり行動するかに見せかけたもの」と。これは『イソップ物語』やインドの『ジャータカ』の話によく適合した説明であるから、しばしば寓話の定義として用いられることばである。なぜ動物などの姿を借りてこんな教訓話がつくられたかといえば、人間を素材にして話をつくったのでは、とかく重苦しい説教調になりやすいが、無邪気な動物を主人公にすることで、いわんとするところが簡明に表現でき、しかもどことなくユーモラスな味さえ加わって、思わず聴き手を誘い込む魅力をもつからだろう。「われわれは説教には倦怠(けんたい)を覚えるが、寓話には喜んで耳を傾け、楽しみつつ学ぶ」と、フランスの優れた寓話作家のラ・フォンテーヌもいっている。 [山室 静] 寓話の発生と推移では、こういう寓話がいつごろ、どういう人の手によってつくられたか。西洋ではイソップのそれが、東洋ではインドの『ジャータカ』が代表的な寓話集とされている。イソップは紀元前6世紀にサモス島で奴隷だった人とされるが、生前から話の巧みなことで知られ、ヘロドトスやプラトンもそのことを書き留めている。しかし、彼が自ら書いたとされる作は残らず、現在伝えられているものは、やや後のデメトリオス、バブリウス、フェードルスらの集めたものである。他方『ジャータカ』は、仏陀(ぶっだ)の前生の経験に仮託してその教えを説いたもので、「本生譚」ともよばれるが、前3世紀ごろには成立していたとされる。いずれもたいへんに早く成立したわけだが、なんといっても寓話は知的な作品であるから、アフリカの原始民族の間などによくみられる素朴な動物話とは違って、はっきりした構成と意図をもっている。おそらく、そういう動物話がギリシアにもインドにも久しく行われていたのを、イソップや『ジャータカ』の作者が採(と)って、自分の説こうとした教えにふさわしいものに改作したのであろう。そう考えると、『イソップ物語』と『ジャータカ』の両方に、ほとんど同じ話がしばしばみいだされることもそう不思議ではなく、どちらで早く成立して、どちらへ移入されたかと問うよりも、広く民間に流布していた話が、ギリシアとインドの両方の賢者に採用されたと解すべきだろう。『イソップ物語』のなかの有名な「ライオンとネズミ」の話などは、インドにもすこし形を変えて現れているが、もっと古くエジプトにも現れているから、これらの諸国の間に古くから文化的交流のあったことが疑えず、あるいはエジプトで最初に生まれて、それが東へ西へと広がったものであろうか。それにしても、市民文化の開花期のギリシアと、仏教の弘布(ぐぶ)に熱心だったインドで、この寓話形式が大いに発達したことには、それだけの理由があったのである。 さらにインドでは、最初は仏教徒によって仏陀の前生の物語という形をとったが、のちにはそういう宗教的色彩を薄くして、普通の処世の知恵を説くものとなってゆき、膨大な『パンチャタントラ』や『ヒトーパデーシャ』の寓話集を成立させ、それがペルシアやアラビアに翻案されてロクマン、ピドパイその他の寓話集となり、それらを通じてヨーロッパにもかなりの影響を及ぼした(アンデルセンが死の床で広げていたのは、ピドパイの本だった)。他方の『イソップ物語』が古代・中世を通じて、ヨーロッパでいよいよ名声を高くしていったことはいうまでもない。しかし、寓話はなにしろ小さな形式であり、そこで説かれているモラルも簡単なものなので、新機軸を出すのはむずかしく、そのためか、いつとなく衰えていった。ゲーテの『ライネケ狐(ぎつね)』やフランスのラ・フォンテーヌ、ロシアのクルイロフなどがかなり成功を収め、さらにドイツのレッシングがその再生のために大いに努力したが、さして成功したともみえない。 [山室 静] 『レッシング著、中川良夫訳『寓話と寓話論』(1947・八雲書店)』▽『小田貢士著『寓話文学』(1937・興文社)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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