A medieval German mystic thinker. Born in central Germany, he joined the Dominican Order and studied in Cologne, Paris, and other places. Later, he held important positions in the Order, such as Provincial Superior of Saxony (1303) and Vice-Bishop of Bohemia (1307), and is thought to have been entrusted with the spiritual guidance of the nunneries under his jurisdiction. He also taught at the universities of Paris and Cologne. These multifaceted activities made him a scholastic scholar following in the footsteps of fellow Dominican pioneer Albertus Magnus, and a preacher who had a great influence on many people. His sermons and treatises written in German were circulated in many manuscripts, and, along with his Latin works, they are important sources for understanding his thought. In his later years, for some reason, he was accused by the Archbishop of Cologne, and in 1329, 28 propositions taken from his works were declared heretical in a papal bull by Pope John XXII. However, his ideas were inherited by his disciples Tauler and Heinrich Seuse (1295?-1366) and became the source of many mystical ideas from the Middle Ages to the early modern period. In general, his mysticism is not emotional, preaching a loving union with Christ, but has a strong intellectual and speculative color. At its core is the concept of the "soul's base" or "spark of the soul." If a person thinks purely of God and transcends the self, God will eventually be always present in the mind. This is the "birth of God (the Son) in the soul (base)," which is nothing other than the union of God and the self. Moreover, this God is not a traditional personal God, but a "divinity" that goes beyond that. In this attempt to break through even a personal God and reach the "nothingness of divinity," we can see the influence of the Neoplatonic negative theology that is the background of Eckhart. Furthermore, it is required not to simply immerse oneself in meditation, but to proceed from union with God and confront real-world activities. Here, we can see an activity that is partly related to the spirit of the time. [Tokuyoshi Tamaru January 20, 2015] "The Book of Consolation by Eckhart, translated by Shinsaku Aihara (1949, Chikuma Shobo/Kodansha Academic Library)" ▽ "Studies in German Mysticism, edited by Kansho Ueda (1982, Sobunsha)" [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
中世ドイツの神秘主義思想家。中部ドイツに生まれ、ドミニコ会に入ってケルン、パリなどに学ぶ。のちザクセン地区管区長(1303)、ボヘミア地方副司教(1307)など会の要職にあって、その管轄下の尼僧院の霊的指導をゆだねられていたと考えられる。またパリ、ケルンの大学でも教えた。同じドミニコ会の先駆者アルベルトゥス・マグヌスに続くスコラ学者であるとともに、説教者としても大きな感化を及ぼしたのは、こうした多面的な活動による。ドイツ語による説教、論説は多くの写本として流布し、ラテン語の著作とともに、その思想を知る重要な資料をなしている。晩年、なんらかの理由からケルンの大司教による告発を受け、1329年、その著作からとられた28の命題が、教皇ヨハネス22世の教書で異端的と宣告された。しかしその思想は弟子タウラーやゾイゼHeinrich Seuse(1295?―1366)らに継承され、中世から近世へかけて、多くの神秘主義思想の源流となった。 総じて彼の神秘主義は、キリストとの愛の合一を説く情感的なものではなく、知的、思弁的な色彩が強い。その中心をなすのは「魂の根底」または「魂の火花」の概念である。人が純粋に神を念じ、自己を脱却していくならば、ついには神がつねに心に現前するようになる。これが「魂(の根底)における神(の子)の誕生」であり、神と自己との合一にほかならない。しかもこの神は、伝統的な人格神というよりは、それを超えた「神性」である。このように人格的神をも突破して「神性の無」に到達しようとするところに、エックハルトの背景をなす新プラトン主義的な否定神学の影響をみることができる。さらに、ただ瞑想(めいそう)に沈潜するにとどまらず、神との合一から進んで現実の活動に立ち向かうことが求められる。ここに、一部はその時代の精神とも関連した活動性を認めることができる。 [田丸徳善 2015年1月20日] 『エックハルト著、相原信作訳『神の慰めの書』(1949・筑摩書房/講談社学術文庫)』▽『上田閑照編『ドイツ神秘主義研究』(1982・創文社)』 [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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