Walras - Marie Esprit Léon Walras

Japanese: ワルラス - わるらす(英語表記)Marie Esprit Léon Walras
Walras - Marie Esprit Léon Walras

A French economist who became the first professor of economics at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland, established the system of general equilibrium theory, and founded the Lausanne School. Born December 16th in Evreux, northern France. His father, Antoine Auguste Walras (1801-66), was also an economist, and wrote works such as On the Nature of Wealth and the Origin of Value (1831) and On the Theory of Social Wealth (1849), which greatly influenced his son Léon Walras. Léon Walras failed the entrance exam to the Ecole Polytechnique and entered the Ecole des Mines (School of Mines) in 1854. He spent several years absorbed in literature and history, ignoring his specialized studies, but in 1858, at the age of 24, he decided to devote himself to social sciences after a conversation with his famous father. He continued his research while working as a magazine journalist, a company employee, and in the cooperative movement. In 1860, he published L'économie politique et la justice: Examen critique et réfutation des doctrines economiques de MP-J. Proudhon, which attracted attention at the International Tax Conference held in Lausanne in the same year, but it took more than ten years before he was appointed professor at the Lausanne Academy (which became a university in 1891) in 1870.

After moving to Lausanne, he steadily produced research results. First, in 1873, he published "Principles of the mathematical theory of exchange" and established the principle of marginal utility. He then went on to develop his theory of two-commodity exchange into that of multi-commodity exchange, and, focusing on the fact that these commodities are produced, he developed a theory of production that included the determination of the supply and demand and prices of the production factors of land, labor, and capital services, and further developed it into a theory of capitalization that deals with the production of capital goods, which culminated in his immortal masterpiece, Éléments d'économie politique pure (1874-77). After Éléments, he pursued monetary theory, and in 1886 he wrote Théorie de la monnaie (Monetary Theory), but retired in 1892, handing over the chair to V. Pareto. However, he continued to revise his Elements and compiled a collection of essays, Études d'économie sociale (1896) and Études d'économie politique appliquée (1898), leading a life of academic pursuits. He passed away on January 5, 1910, at the age of 75, in Clarens on the shores of Lake Geneva.

[Toyosaburo Sato]

"Essays on Pure Economics, translated by Hisatake Masao (1983, Iwanami Shoten)""Essays on Pure Economics, translated by Tezuka Juro, 2 volumes (Iwanami Bunko)""The Collected Works of Yasui Takuma 1: On Walras (1970, Sobunsha)""The Birth of Walrasian Economics, edited and translated by Yasui Takuma and Fukuoka Masao, by W. Jaffe (1977, Nihon Keizai Shimbun)""An Introduction to Walrasian Economics, by Negishi Takashi (1985, Iwanami Shoten)"

[References] | Equilibrium theory (economics) | The Lausanne School

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランス人で、スイスのローザンヌ大学の経済学講座の初代教授となり、一般均衡理論の体系を確立し、ローザンヌ学派を創始した経済学者。12月16日北フランスのエブルーに生まれる。父オーギュスト・ワルラスAntoine Auguste Walras(1801―66)も経済学者であり、『富の性質と価値の起源について』De la nature de la richesse et de l'origine de la valeur(1831)、『社会的富の理論について』De la théorie de la richesse sociale(1849)などの著作があり、息子レオンに大きな影響を与えた。レオン・ワルラスは、理工科大学校(エコール・ポリテクニク)の入学試験に失敗し、1854年鉱山学校(エコール・デ・ミーヌ)に入学、専門の勉学をよそにして、文学、歴史などに熱中する数か年を送ったが、58年24歳のとき有名な父との対話により社会科学に専念する決意をした。その後、雑誌記者、会社員、協同組合運動などをしながら研究を進めた。60年には『経済学と正義、プルードンの経済学説の批判的検討と反論』L'économie politique et la justice : Examen critique et réfutation des doctrines économiques de M. P.-J. Proudhonを著し、同年ローザンヌで開催された国際租税会議で注目を集めたが、70年にローザンヌ・アカデミー(1891年大学となる)の教授に就任するまでには10余年を要した。

 ローザンヌに移ってからは着実に研究成果をあげた。まず1873年には「交換の数学的理論の原理」を発表して限界効用原理を確立し、ついで二商品交換の理論から多数商品交換の理論へ、またこれら商品が生産されたものであることに着目して、生産要素である土地用役、労働、資本用役の需給量と価格の決定を含む生産理論へ、さらに資本財の生産を扱う資本化の理論へと展開を進め、それらは不朽の名著『純粋経済学要論』Éléments d'économie politique pure(1874~77)に結実した。『要論』のあと彼は貨幣理論を追究し、86年には『貨幣理論』Théorie de la monnaieを著したが、92年V・パレートに講座を譲って引退した。しかし、その後も『要論』の改訂を続ける一方、論文集『社会経済学研究』Études d'économie sociale(1896)、『応用経済学研究』Études d'économie politique appliquée(1898)を編むという学究生活を送り、1910年1月5日レマン湖畔のクラランで75歳の生涯を終えた。

[佐藤豊三郎]

『久武雅夫訳『ワルラス純粋経済学要論』(1983・岩波書店)』『手塚寿郎訳『純粋経済学要論』全2冊(岩波文庫)』『『安井琢磨著作集1 ワルラスをめぐって』(1970・創文社)』『W・ジャッフェ著、安井琢磨・福岡正夫編訳『ワルラス経済学の誕生』(1977・日本経済新聞社)』『根岸隆著『ワルラス経済学入門』(1985・岩波書店)』

[参照項目] | 均衡理論(経済学) | ローザンヌ学派

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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