Pindar - Pindaros (English spelling)

Japanese: ピンダロス - ぴんだろす(英語表記)Pindaros
Pindar - Pindaros (English spelling)

The greatest lyric poet of ancient Greece. Born in Cynoskephalai near Thebes, he is said to have come from an old aristocratic family. The oldest surviving work was published in 498 BC, so he must have been active traveling around Greece from an early age. Little is known for certain about his life. His works cover all types of choral lyric poetry, but only various fragments of different sizes remain, except for 45 almost complete versions of his epinicia, which are victory songs. The epinicia are odes to the victors of the pan-Greek festival games (Olympia, Pythia, Isthmia, Nemea). The structure of the poems is such that each theme is skillfully linked in a certain pattern, and the meter is so complex that the same poem is never used twice.

The poem is a solemn style, and is full of Pindar's unique splendor and obscurity. In particular, the bold similes and metaphors, as well as the skillful use of words, show Pindar's true character, adding a kaleidoscope of variety to victory songs that tend to follow a certain formula. It is only natural that victory songs tend to emphasize solemnity and grandeur, and since the poet's attention is focused entirely on praise, it is difficult to identify lines that express the poet's personal views and beliefs. However, Pindar's high sense of mission and confidence as a poet is clear from the fact that the fundamental relationship between the poet and the Muses is hinted at throughout the poem: "O Muses, give me an oracle, and I will be the one to interpret oracles." His attitude of seeing human value only in the old-fashioned virtues of heroes and nobles does not necessarily mean that he is stubborn or aloof, but rather that he is merely responding to the demands of a society that needs victory songs, but his pious attitude towards the gods is genuine. When he sings that "the gods and the race of the sons of men are different" and calls out that "man is a dream of illusion, but when the light given by God shines, human life is pleasant," Pindar's deep insight can be seen as well as a reflection of the traditional view of life. Choral lyric poetry since Stesichorus reached its peak with him, but at that point it disappears from literary history.

[Teruo Ito]

"Greek Lyric Poetry Selections" (Iwanami Bunko) translated by Go Shigeichi ; "World Famous Poetry Anthology 1: Olympian Celebrations" (Heibonsha, 1960) translated by Kubo Masaaki

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

古代ギリシア最大の叙情詩人。テーベ近郊のキノスケファライの出身で、家系は古い貴族の門流に属するという。現存する最古の作品が前498年に世に出ているところから、早くからギリシア各地を遍歴して活躍したらしい。その生涯については確実なことはほとんど知られていない。作品は合唱叙情詩のすべての種類にわたっているが、競技祝勝歌(エピニーキア)45編がほぼ完全に伝わっているほかは、大小さまざまな断片が残されているにすぎない。祝勝歌は、汎(はん)ギリシア的祝祭競技(オリンピア、ピティア、イストミア、ネメア)の勝利者のための頌歌(しょうか)である。その構成は、一定のパターンでそれぞれのテーマが技巧的に結び付けられており、韻律は複雑で同じものが二度と用いられない。

 詩句は荘重なスタイルでピンダロス独自の絢爛(けんらん)と晦渋(かいじゅう)を極めている。とくに大胆な比喩(ひゆ)やメタファー、また技巧的な配語法などには、一定の型にはまりがちな祝勝歌に万華鏡のように自在な変化を加味するピンダロスの真骨頂が発揮される。祝勝歌に荘重と雄大を強調する傾向はむしろ当然で、詩人の配慮がすべて賞賛へ集中するので、詩人の個人的見解や信念など自らを語る詩句の指摘はむずかしい。しかしピンダロスの詩人としての高い使命感と自信は、「ムーサよ、私に神託をくだし給え。さすれば私が神託を説き明かす者となろう」という詩人とムーサとの根源的な関係が至る所に暗示されていることから明らかであろう。人間の価値を英雄と貴族の古風な徳目にしかみない彼の態度は、そのまま彼の頑迷と孤高を意味するわけではなく、祝勝歌とそれを必要とする社会の要請に応じたにすぎないとも考えられるが、神々への敬虔(けいけん)な態度は真実であろう。「神々と人の子の族は別物だ」と歌い、「人は幻影の夢。されど神の授け給う光がさすとき、人の生は心地よし」と呼びかけるとき、伝統的な人生観の反映とともにピンダロスの深い洞察が認められる。ステシコロス以来の合唱叙情詩は、彼によって最頂点に達したが、その時点で文学史から消えてしまう。

[伊藤照夫]

『呉茂一訳『ギリシア抒情詩選』(岩波文庫)』『久保正彰訳『世界名詩集大成1 オリュムピア祝捷歌集』(1960・平凡社)』

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