Romanov Dynasty

Japanese: ロマノフ朝 - ロマノフちょう(英語表記)Romanovy; Romanov Dynasty
Romanov Dynasty
The name of the dynasty that ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917. The first ancestor of the Romanov family known from historical records was Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, a boyar of the Grand Duchy of Moscow during the reign of Ivan I (Kalita) in the early 14th century. In 1547, Roman Yuryevich's daughter Anastasia married Ivan IV (the Terrible), marking the first time that the family was linked to royalty, and the surname Romanov was adopted by her sons. In 1613, at the end of the Time of Troubles, Mikhail Romanov (ruled 1613-45) was elected the first Tsar of the Romanov family at the Zemsky Sobor (national parliament), and thus began the Romanov dynasty. During the early Romanov dynasty, the throne was inherited by the eldest male child, or, if the Tsar had no male eldest child, by the eldest male relative. The Tsars were Alexei I (45-76) and Feodor III (76-82). From 82 to 96, there was the regency of Sofya Alexeveena (82-89) and the joint rule of Ivan V and Peter I (the Great) (82-96). The reign of Peter I (89-1725) marked the Russian Empire's joining the ranks of the great powers of Europe, marking the first steps towards modernization. Peter also received the title of Imperator (Emperor) from the Senate, making it clear that the monarch had the right to nominate his successor, but because he died without exercising this right, the legitimate heir was removed, the throne became a political tool, and the Romanov dynasty temporarily declined. However, wise female empresses such as Catherine II (the Great, reigned 1762-96) appeared, and her reign marked a turning point in Russian history. In 1797, Paul I (reigned 96-1801) decided that the succession to the throne should be through male descendants in the male line, and thereafter Russia saw no female emperors. The throne was succeeded by Alexander I (reigned 01-25), Nicholas I (reigned 25-55), Alexander II (reigned 55-81), Alexander III (reigned 81-94), and Nicholas II (reigned 94-1917). However, they were unable to adapt to the times and continued to uphold their autocratic rule, so Nicholas II abdicated in the 1917 Revolution, bringing an end to the Romanov dynasty's rule.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
1613~1917年ロシアを統治した王朝名。史料的にはっきりしているロマノフ家の最初の先祖は,14世紀初め頃イワン1世 (カリタ) の時代のモスクワ大公国の大貴族 (ボヤール ) アンドレイ・イワノビッチ・コブイラである。 1547年にロマン・ユーリエビッチの娘アナスターシアがイワン4世 (雷帝)と結婚し,ここに初めて王家と縁組ができるとともに,その息子たちの代からロマノフを姓とするようになった。動乱時代が終る 1613年ゼムスキー・ソボール (全国議会) においてミハイル・ロマノフ (在位 1613~45) がロマノフ家の初代のツァーリに選ばれ,ここにロマノフ朝が始る。ロマノフ朝初期のうちは,帝位は男系の長子,もしくは,ツァーリに男系の長子がいない場合には近親者の男系の最年長者が継承し,アレクセイ1世 (在位 45~76) ,フョードル3世 (在位 76~82) がツァーリとなった。 82~96年にいたる間はソフィヤ・アレクセーブナの摂政時代 (82~89) とイワン5世とピョートル1世 (大帝) の共同統治時代 (82~96) を迎えた。ピョートル1世の治世 (89~1725年実権を掌握) は,ロシア帝国としてヨーロッパの列強に加わり,近代国家としての第1歩をしるした。またピョートルは元老院よりインペラートル (皇帝) の称号を受け,君主に後継者指名の権利のあることを明らかにしたが,この権利を行使せずに没したため,正統な継承者がはずされ,帝位が政争の具とされ,ロマノフ朝の一時的衰退を招いた。しかしエカテリーナ2世 (大帝〈在位 1762~96〉) のような英明な女帝が出現し,彼女の治世はロシア史の一つの転換期となった。 1797年パーベル1世 (在位 96~1801) によって帝位継承は男系の男子をもってすることが決定されると,以後ロシアには女帝が出現しなくなった。その後アレクサンドル1世 (在位 01~25) ,ニコライ1世 (在位 25~55) ,アレクサンドル2世 (在位 55~81) ,アレクサンドル3世 (在位 81~94) ,ニコライ2世 (在位 94~1917) と帝位は継承されたが,専制政治を掲げて時代に適合することができないまま,1917年の革命でニコライ2世が退位し,ロマノフ朝支配は終りを告げた。

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