Joseph Loschmidt

Japanese: ロシュミット - ろしゅみっと(英語表記)Joseph Loschmidt
Joseph Loschmidt

Austrian physicist and chemist. Born in Bohemia. Studied at the universities of Prague and Vienna, and conducted scientific research while teaching at an industrial school. In 1861, he wrote a paper entitled "Diagrammatical structural formulas of organic chemistry," which set the precedent for structural chemistry, but this was not widely known in the academic world and was forgotten. He then studied the kinetic theory of gases, and in 1865, in his paper entitled "On the size of the air molecule," he calculated the size of the molecule, making a major contribution to the establishment of the kinetic theory of gases since Maxwell. He performed this calculation based on two data: the mean free path obtained from viscosity measurements, and the ratio of the molecule's own volume to the total volume of the gas, which he estimated by comparing the densities of the liquid and gas of the same substance. The value he obtained was 10 -6 millimeters in size of an air molecule (almost four times the value known today). He also stated that the number of gas molecules in a unit volume does not depend on the type of molecule, but he did not give the number itself in his paper. However, it can be calculated from the formula he gave. In fact, in a subsequent paper (1867), he gave the value as 8.66 × 10 17. Today, the number of molecules contained in one cubic centimeter (at 0 °C and 1 atm) is called the "Loschmidt number" (N L = 2.6869 × 10 19 ). In 1868, he became professor at the University of Vienna, a position he held until his retirement in 1891.

He was a close friend of Boltzmann, who was known as an atomist, and consistently worked to promote the kinetic theory of gases, but shortly after Boltzmann's H theorem was proposed in 1872, he wrote a paper called "On the Thermal Equilibrium of a Gas under Gravity" (1876) in which he sharply criticized the H theorem by presenting the so-called "Objection of Reversibility." This is a good example of creative criticism, which deeply influenced Boltzmann's thinking and contributed to the recognition of statistical laws.

[Jun Fujimura]

[References] | H theorem | Kinetic theory of gas molecules | Structural chemistry | Boltzmann | Maxwell

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

オーストリアの物理学者、化学者。ボヘミアに生まれる。プラハとウィーンの大学に学び、工業学校の講師をしつつ科学研究を行った。1861年、論文「図式による有機化学の構造式」を書き、構造化学に先鞭(せんべん)をつけたが、これは学界にもあまり知られず埋もれてしまった。その後、気体運動論を研究、1865年「空気分子の大きさについて」という論文で分子の大きさを算定、マクスウェル以来の気体運動論の確立に大きな貢献をした。粘性の測定から求めた平均自由行路と、同じ物質の液体と気体の密度の比較から推定した気体の全体積中に占める分子自身の体積の割合との、二つのデータを基礎にしてこの計算を行った。彼の得た値では、空気分子の大きさは10-6ミリメートルとなった(これは今日知られている値のほぼ4倍である)。また単位体積中の気体分子の数が分子の種類によらないことを述べたが、その数自体を論文中には与えなかった。しかしそれは彼の与えている式から算出できる。実際、その後の論文(1867)ではその値を8.66×1017と与えている。今日、1立方センチメートルの体積に含まれる分子の数(0℃、1気圧)は「ロシュミット数」とよばれている(NL=2.6869×1019)。1868年ウィーン大学教授となり、1891年の退官までその職にあった。

 原子論者として知られたボルツマンの親友であり、一貫して気体運動論の推進に努力したが、1872年にボルツマンのH定理が提出されると、まもなく「重力下にある気体の熱平衡について」という論文を書き(1876)、いわゆる「可逆性の反論」を提出してH定理を鋭く批判した。これは創造的な批判の好例といえるもので、ボルツマンの思想に深く影響を与え、統計的法則性の認識に貢献した。

[藤村 淳]

[参照項目] | H定理 | 気体分子運動論 | 構造化学 | ボルツマン | マクスウェル

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Outdoor market - Rojo

>>:  Rochefort, Victor-Henri, Marquis de Rochefort-Luçay

Recommend

Capitalism - English spelling capitalism

An economic system in which the organization of p...

Snuff box

…In the Middle Ages, it was used as a symbol of k...

Buncho Tani

A Southern Painter of the late Edo period. His gi...

Prison

Under the Prison Law (1908), this term referred to...

Betelgeuse

The proper name of the alpha star in Orion. It is...

Miranda (English spelling)

Born: March 28, 1750, Caracas [Died] July 14, 1816...

Tuberous root

...Cyclamen, Caladium, Gloxinia, Anemone, etc. (4...

en dedans (English spelling) endedans

…It is also a word that indicates the direction i...

Ammonite suture - Ammonite suture

…The Permian and Triassic periods show ceratitic ...

Omer Pasha Ratas - Omer Pasha Ratas

…In 1826, the Janissaries, who had been disbanded...

Polyurethane

A polymer with a urethane bond (following structu...

Heterothermy

…Some small animals, such as hummingbirds, bats, ...

Projection

(1) In neurophysiology, the reception of each nerv...

Monstera deliciosa (English spelling) Monsteradeliciosa

… [Takabayashi Masatoshi]. … *Some of the termino...

Kunya

...There are many cases where the title of a job ...