In 1888, F. Raoult measured the vapor pressure of many solutions and confirmed that the ratio of the partial pressure P of a component above a solution to the vapor pressure P0 of that component when it is a pure component is approximately equal to the molar fraction x of that component in the solution. P = P0 x . This is called Raoult's Law. For example, in a solution of two components, A and B, P A = P A0 xA and P B = P B0 xB. From the definition of mole fraction, xA = 1- xB, therefore P A = P A0 ( 1- xB ) , or ( P A0 - P A ) / P A0 = xB . The left side is called the vapor pressure depression of component A. Therefore, the vapor pressure depression of solvent A is equal to the molar fraction of solute B. This is also an expression of Raoult's Law. Strictly speaking, Raoult's law only applies to ideal solutions, but it holds well as an approximation for dilute solutions, and Henry's law has also been derived for solutes. The vapor pressure depression relationship also holds well for dilute solutions containing non-volatile solutes, and the molecular weight can be calculated by determining the mole fraction of the solute. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
1888年 F.ラウールは,多くの溶液の蒸気圧の測定結果から1成分の溶液上の分圧 P と,その成分が純成分のときの蒸気圧 P0 との比が,その成分の溶液中のモル分率 x に近似的に等しいことを確認した。 P=P0x 。これをラウールの法則という。たとえばA,B2成分の溶液において PA=PA0xA,PB=PB0xB 。モル分率の定義から,xA=1-xB ,したがって PA=PA0(1-xB) ,つまり (PA0-PA)/PA0=xB 。左辺を成分Aの蒸気圧降下という。したがって,溶媒Aの蒸気圧降下は溶質Bのモル分率に等しくなる。これもラウールの法則の1つの表現である。ラウールの法則は厳密には理想溶液にのみ適用されるが,希薄溶液では近似的によく成立し,溶質に対してヘンリーの法則も誘導される。また不揮発性の溶質を含む希薄溶液においても蒸気圧降下の関係がよく成立し,溶質のモル分率の決定から分子量を求めることができる。
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