An instrument that measures temperature by utilizing the change in the liquid level caused by thermal expansion of a liquid placed in a transparent container, such as alcohol thermometers and mercury thermometers. Usually, the liquid is placed in the bulb of a glass capillary with a constant inner diameter, and the tube is either evacuated or filled with nitrogen or carbon dioxide and sealed. The tube has an appropriate temperature scale on the side. When the bulb of the lower part is brought into contact with the object to be measured, the temperature is determined from the scale where the tip of the liquid column in the capillary points. Various liquids are used depending on the temperature measurement range. Thermometers that use mercury (boiling point 357°C, melting point -39°C) have a measurement range of 300 to -30°C. Gas-filled thermometers made of quartz glass are available for high temperatures up to 750°C. For low temperatures that measure temperatures below room temperature, ethyl alcohol or toluene are used up to -100°C, and pentane or a mixture of propane and propylene is used up to -200°C. In ordinary liquid thermometers, the length of the liquid column freely changes with changes in temperature, but there are also special thermometers for different purposes. The maximum thermometer (a clinical thermometer is a type of thermometer), minimum thermometer, or maximum-minimum thermometer are used to indicate the maximum or minimum temperature during measurement. The Beckmann thermometer is used for precise measurement of small temperature differences. The inversion thermometer is used to measure the temperature of seawater or lake water at any depth. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
アルコール温度計,水銀温度計のように,透明容器に入れた液体の熱膨張に伴う液面の位置の変化を利用して温度を測定する計器。通常は内径一定のガラス毛管の下部をふくらませた球部に液体を入れ,管内を排気するか窒素や炭酸ガスを封入して密封し,管側に適当な温度目盛りがつけてある。下部の球部を被測温体に接触させたときに毛管内の液柱の先端がさす目盛りから温度を知る。測温範囲に応じて種々の液体が用いられる。水銀 (沸点 357℃,融点-39℃) を使用した温度計は測定範囲が 300~-30℃である。石英ガラス製のガス入りの温度計には 750℃まではかれる高温用のものがある。常温以下の温度を測定する低温用のものでは,-100℃まではエチルアルコールやトルエン,-200℃まではペンタンや,プロパンとプロピレンの混合液が用いられる。通常型の液体温度計は温度の変化に応じて液柱の長さが自由に変動するが,使用目的に応じた特殊温度計もある。測温中の最高または最低温度を示すものが,最高温度計 (体温計はその一種) ,最低温度計,または最高最低温度計である。小範囲の温度差の精密測定用にはベックマン温度計がある。また海水や湖水の任意の深さでの温度をはかるものに転倒式温度計がある。
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