Liquefied air. It is also called liquefied air. For a long time, air was thought to be impossible to liquefy, but in 1894-1895, C.P.G.R. von Linde of Germany and William Hampson (1854-1926) of England liquefied air almost simultaneously using air liquefaction devices invented independently by each other. These devices liquefy air by lowering the temperature by adiabatic expansion of compressed air or the Joule-Thomson effect (Joule's experiment), cooling it below the critical temperature, and simultaneously pressurizing it. This was further improved industrially by G. Claude of France, making mass production possible. Liquid air was produced in large quantities, and liquid nitrogen became easily available through fractional distillation, leading to the development of low temperature science and high vacuum science. Furthermore, the discovery of rare gas elements such as helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon from fractional distillation is also significant. Liquid air is slightly bluish, has a boiling point of about -190°C under normal pressure, and a specific gravity of almost 1. Just as ordinary air is a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen, liquid air is also a mixture of liquid nitrogen (specific gravity 0.808) and liquid oxygen (specific gravity 1.141). The boiling points of the two are different (oxygen is -182.96°C, nitrogen is -195.8°C), so if left alone, liquid nitrogen, which has a lower boiling point, will turn into gas first, and the concentration of liquid oxygen will increase, making the air more bluish and increasing its specific gravity. Liquid air is usually stored in an insulated container (Dewar flask). If an ordinary object is placed in this, it will be cooled to below -100°C, so the liquid will turn into a solid, and the solid will lose its elasticity. For example, rubber will become hard and will shatter if hit with a hammer, and fish will freeze so hard that it will break if dropped. If part of a vacuum system (vacuum equipment) is cooled with this liquid air, the condensable vapors present in the system (equipment) are captured there, improving the degree of vacuum. In particular, when using a diffusion pump to obtain a high vacuum, or when using a valve to fasten parts of the system and vacuum grease as a lubricant, liquid air (or liquid nitrogen) is essential to maintain a high vacuum in the system. Currently, the largest industrial use is to obtain nitrogen (as a raw material for ammonia synthesis, etc.) by fractional distillation, but at the same time, oxygen (for various metal smelting, medical use, etc.) can also be obtained, and various rare gases can also be obtained by fractional distillation. Liquid air can explode when mixed with organic compounds, so care must be taken. For this reason, liquid nitrogen is now used as a refrigerant instead of liquid air. [Toda Genjiro] [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
空気を液化したもの。液化空気ともいう。空気は長い間液化できないものと考えられてきたが、1894~1895年、ドイツのC・P・G・R・von・リンデおよびイギリスのハンプソンWilliam Hampson(1854―1926)により、それぞれ独立に考案された空気液化装置を使ってほとんど同時に液化された。これらの装置は、圧縮した空気の断熱膨張や、ジュール‐トムソン効果(ジュールの実験)により温度を下げ、臨界温度以下に冷やし、同時に加圧することにより液化するようになっている。これはさらにフランスのG・クロードによって工業的に改良され大量生産ができるようになった。液体空気が大量に製造され、さらに分留により液体窒素も容易に手に入るようになって、低温の科学、高真空の科学などが発展した。さらにその分留から、ヘリウム、ネオン、アルゴン、クリプトン、キセノンなどの希ガス元素が発見された意義も大きい。液体空気はわずかに青みを帯び、常圧下の沸点は約零下190℃、比重はほぼ1である。普通の空気が窒素と酸素との混合物であるように、液体空気も液体窒素(比重0.808)と液体酸素(比重1.141)との混合物である。両者の沸点は異なる(酸素は零下182.96℃、窒素は零下195.8℃)ので、放置すると沸点の低い液体窒素のほうが先に気体になり、液体酸素の濃度が増し、青みが増すとともに比重も大きくなる。液体空気は通常、断熱容器(デュワー瓶)中に蓄える。普通の物体をこの中に入れると、零下100℃以下に冷却されるので、液体も固体になり、固体も弾力を失ってしまう。たとえば、ゴムなどは堅くなり槌(つち)でたたけば粉砕されるし、魚なども堅く凍って落とせば割れるようになる。真空系(真空装置)の一部をこの液体空気で冷やせば、系(装置)の中に存在する凝縮性の蒸気がそこに捕捉(ほそく)されるから真空度が向上する。とくに、高真空を得る目的で拡散ポンプを使用する場合や、系の部分をくぎるのにコックを用い、その潤滑剤として真空用グリースを使う場合には、系内の高真空保持に液体空気(または液体窒素)は欠かせない。現在もっとも大きな工業的用途は、分留して窒素(アンモニア合成の原料その他)を得ることであるが、同時に酸素(各種金属製錬用、医療用その他)も得られ、また各種の希ガスも分留により得られる。液体空気は、有機化合物と混ぜると爆発することがあるので注意を要する。そのため、冷媒として現在では液体空気にかわって液体窒素が用いられる。 [戸田源治郎] [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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