Asia Minor

Japanese: 小アジア - しょうあじあ(英語表記)Asia Minor
Asia Minor

A peninsula that constitutes the Asian territory of the Republic of Turkey. It is located at the western edge of Asia, surrounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Aegean Sea to the west. The ancient Roman geographer Strabo called the area west of the border between the town of Amisos (now Samsun) in the north and the Tarsus River in the south Asia (Peninsula). However, as the concept of Asia spread eastward, this area was renamed Asia Minor. Asia Minor is also called Anatolia (Anadolu in Turkish). This comes from the fact that when Emperor Constantine VII (reigned 913-959) of the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire divided the territory of Asia into 14 themes (military districts), he named the western coastal region facing the Aegean Sea Anatoly (land of the rising sun) in Greek. This name was called Anatoli, Anatolien, or Anatolia in Western European languages. In the Middle Ages, people in Islamic countries called it "Bilad al-Roum" (Land of the Romans).

In the north of Asia Minor, the Pontus Mountains run east to west along the Black Sea, while in the south, the Taurus Mountains run parallel to the coastline. The Anti-Taurus Mountains, which continue to the east of the Taurus Mountains, contain high mountains such as Ara Dar (Ararat volcano), and both the Tigris and Euphrates rivers originate in this mountain range. The inland area between the Black Sea and the Taurus Mountains is the Anatolian Plateau, which is over 600 meters above sea level. The coastal areas have a Mediterranean climate with heavy rainfall in the winter, while the inland areas have a continental climate with little annual precipitation and large temperature differences.

[Machiko Nagata]

history

Asia Minor was a passageway heading westward from Asia, and many nations rose and fell in ancient times. The first unified nation was the Hittite Kingdom, established in the central part by the Hittites in the second millennium BC. Around 1200 BC, the Phrygians established a kingdom in the western to central part of Asia, which lasted for 500 years. Around 1100 BC, the Greek Achaeans were invaded by the Dorians, and they settled along the southwestern coast of Asia Minor, establishing many colonies. In particular, the Lydian nation established in the southwest opened a highway called the "King's Road" leading to the east, which also became a route for conquerors. Lydia was destroyed by the Persians who invaded from the east. In 334 BC, Alexander of Macedonia led a large army into Asia Minor and conquered it, but after his death, due to conflicts between his generals, this land became the territory of the Seleucid Empire, and later four kingdoms were formed: Cappadocia, Pontus, Bithynia, and Pergamum. As Pergamum allied with Rome, it became a Roman province after the death of the King of Pergamum, and in the 1st century AD the other kingdoms also became Roman territories. When the Western Roman Empire fell at the end of the 5th century, the Byzantine Empire succeeded ancient Rome and ruled over this land.

In the 10th century, the Turks of the Great Seljuk Empire threatened the eastern border of the Byzantine Empire. After winning the Battle of Malazgirt in 1071, the Turks advanced into Asia Minor. After decades of conquest, the Turks gained control of almost all of Asia Minor and established the Rum Seljuk Empire with its capital in Konya. However, in the mid-13th century, the dynasty was invaded by the Mongol army, and after its defeat in the Battle of Kösedag (1234), it submitted to Mongol rule and was destroyed in the early 14th century. Around this time, the beys who were stationed to guard the borders each established their own principalities (beyliks). The Ottoman principality, which was established in the northwest, was one of them, and Ertugrul, the father of the founder Osman, was a vassal of the Rum Seljuk Empire. The fief of Soyut was given to them along with the task of defending the land. The second king, Orhan, expanded the territory with Bursa as his capital and laid the foundation for the Ottoman Empire.

From the late 13th century to the late 14th century, the Ottoman army advanced into the Balkan Peninsula (Rumelia) as well as the territories of the surrounding Christian princes, bringing the Slavic peoples under their control. In order to maintain the conquered territories of Rumelia, the inhabitants of Asia Minor were also relocated. Timur's invasion of Asia Minor in the early 15th century dealt a blow to the Ottoman Empire, but it was quickly rebuilt and all the principalities of Asia Minor became Ottoman territories. The Ottoman army destroyed the Byzantine Empire in 1453. In the 16th century, agricultural production increased under a military fiefdom system called the Timari system, and commerce and industry flourished, bringing the Ottoman Empire to its peak.

However, throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, the Ottoman Empire went into decline as it was unable to compete with the increasingly economically and militarily powerful European nations.

The defeat in World War I allowed the British, French and Italian armies to enter the country, and Asia Minor was in danger of being divided by the Allies. Furthermore, the occupation of Western Anatolia by the Greek army heightened Turkish national consciousness, paving the way for the struggle for national liberation led by Mustafa Kemal (Kemal Ataturk). The victorious revolutionary army gave birth to the new Republic of Turkey in 1923, with Ankara as its capital.

[Machiko Nagata]

"The Turks" by D. Hosam, translated by Mamoru Masao (1983, Misuzu Shobo)""The Nomadic World" by Matsubara Masaki (Chuko Shinsho)"Modern History of the Middle East I" by Nagata Yuzo, Kagaya Hiroshi, and Katsutoshi Takeshi (1982, Yamakawa Publishing)"

[References] | Turkey

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

トルコ共和国のアジア領を構成する半島。北は黒海、南は地中海、西はエーゲ海に囲まれ、アジアの西端に位置する。古代ローマの地理学者ストラボンは、北部の町アミソス(現サムスン)と南部のタルソス川を境界として、その西側をアジア(半島)とよんだ。しかし、アジアという概念が東へと広がったため、この地は小アジアと改められた。小アジアはアナトリアAnatolia(トルコ語ではアナドル)ともよばれる。これは、ビザンティン(東ローマ)帝国の皇帝コンスタンティノス7世(在位913~959)が、アジアの領土を14のテマ(軍管区)に分けたとき、現在のエーゲ海に面する西海岸地方をギリシア語でアナトレー(日の出(い)ずる土地)と名づけたことによる。この名称は西欧の諸語でアナートリー、アナトリエン、アナトリアとよばれた。中世のイスラム圏の人々は「ビラード・アッルーム」(ローマ人の土地)とよんだ。

 小アジアの北部は黒海に沿って東西にポントゥス山脈が、南部には海岸線に平行してトロス山脈が走る。トロス山脈の東部に続くアンティ・トーラス山脈にはアラ・ダー(アララト火山)などの高い山々があり、ティグリス、ユーフラテス両大河もこの山脈中に源を発する。黒海とトロス山脈に挟まれた内陸部は標高600メートルを超すアナトリア高原である。海岸地帯は冬季に雨量の多い地中海性気候で、内陸部は年降水量が少なく、寒暖の差が大きい大陸性気候である。

[永田真知子]

歴史

小アジアはアジアから西へ向かう通路にあたり、古来、多くの国家が興亡した。最初の統一国家は、紀元前二千年紀にヒッタイト人が中部に建てたヒッタイト王国である。前1200年ごろには西部から中部を中心にフリギア人が王国を建て、この国は500年続いた。前1100年ごろ、ギリシアのアカイア人はドーリス人の侵入を受けたため、小アジアの南西部の海岸沿いに定着し、多くの植民都市をつくった。なかでも、南西部にできたリディア人の国は、東方へ通じる「王の道」とよばれる街道を開いたが、これは征服者の道ともなった。リディアは東方から侵入したペルシア人に滅ぼされた。前334年、マケドニアのアレクサンドロスは大兵力を率いて小アジアに進出、小アジアを征服したが、彼の死後、部将間の争いで、この土地はセレウコス朝の領土となり、のちにカッパドキア、ポントス、ビティニア、ペルガモンの四つの王国ができた。ペルガモンがローマと同盟をしたため、ペルガモン王の死後、ローマの属州となり、紀元1世紀には他の王国もローマ領となった。5世紀末、西ローマ帝国が滅びると、ビザンティン帝国が古代ローマを継承してこの土地を支配した。

 10世紀に入ると、大セルジューク朝のトルコ人がビザンティン帝国の東部国境地帯を脅かした。1071年のマラズギルトの戦いに勝利したトルコ人は、小アジアに進出した。トルコ人は数十年にわたる征服活動ののち、小アジアのほぼ全域を手に入れ、コンヤを首都として、ルーム・セルジューク朝を開いた。しかし、13世紀中葉、この王朝はモンゴル軍の侵攻を受け、キョセダウの戦い(1234)の敗北後、モンゴルの支配下に甘んじ、14世紀初頭に滅びた。このころ、国境の警備に配置されていた君侯(ベイ)たちがそれぞれ独立して君侯国(ベイリク)を建てた。北西部にできたオスマン侯国もそのなかの一つで、始祖オスマンの父エルトゥルルはルーム・セルジューク朝の家臣であった。ソユトの封土はその地を防衛する任務とともに与えられた。2代目オルハンはブルサを首都として領土を拡大し、オスマン朝の基礎をつくった。

 13世紀後半から14世紀後半に、オスマン朝の軍隊は、周辺のキリスト教君侯の領土はもとより、バルカン半島(ルメリア)に進出して、スラブ民族も彼らの支配下に置いた。ルメリアの征服地を維持するため、小アジアの住民を移住させることも行われた。15世紀初頭のティームールの小アジア侵入はオスマン朝に打撃を与えたが、短期間に再建され、小アジアの諸侯国すべてがオスマン朝の領土となった。オスマン軍は1453年にビザンティン帝国を滅亡させた。16世紀にはティマール制とよばれる軍事封土制のもとで農業生産は増大し、商工業も栄えてオスマン帝国は最盛期を誇った。

 しかし、17、18世紀を通じてオスマン帝国は、経済的にも軍事的にも強力になったヨーロッパ諸国と対抗できず衰退に向かった。

 第一次世界大戦の敗北は、イギリス・フランス・イタリア軍の進駐を許し、小アジアは連合国による分割の危機にさらされた。さらにギリシア軍による西アナトリア地方占拠はトルコ人の民族意識を高揚させ、ムスタファ・ケマル(ケマル・アタチュルク)を中心に祖国解放闘争の道を開いた。そしてこれに勝利した革命軍は1923年、アンカラを首都とした新生トルコ共和国を誕生させた。

[永田真知子]

『D・ホサム著、護雅夫訳『トルコ人』(1983・みすず書房)』『松原正毅著『遊牧の世界』(中公新書)』『永田雄三・加賀谷寛・勝藤猛著『中東現代史Ⅰ』(1982・山川出版社)』

[参照項目] | トルコ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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