A system that provides expert problem-solving services by expressing the knowledge of experts in a knowledge programming language and making it available for tasks such as diagnosis and design. It is also called an expert system. It is positioned as an embodiment of knowledge engineering proposed by Edward A. Feigenbaum of Stanford University in the United States, and research and development has progressed in the Heuristic Programming Project (HPP) established at the university in 1965. The first expert system is DENDRAL, which estimates the chemical structure of organic compounds, and the medical diagnosis expert system MYCIN (completed in 1974) is also known. Around 1980, there were active attempts to commercialize expert systems, which influenced Japan's Fifth Generation Computer Project. An expert system consists of a knowledge base that accumulates knowledge written in the form of rules such as "in this case, do this," and an inference engine that solves a given problem based on the contents of the knowledge base. The contents of the knowledge base were close to those of natural language, but it was difficult for experts to directly describe and manage the contents, so human labor was required to interview experts and accumulate the huge amount of information obtained from them. As a result, the expert system approach was seen as having a bottleneck in knowledge acquisition and management, and had only limited success. This led to a period of decline for artificial intelligence, but the underlying idea of knowledge engineering was carried over to ontology and knowledge management. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
専門家が有する知識を知識プログラム言語によって表現し,診断や設計といったタスクで利用できるようにすることで,専門的な問題解決サービスを提供するシステム。専門家システムともいう。アメリカ合衆国,スタンフォード大学のエドワード・A.ファイゲンバウムが提唱した知識工学を具現したものとして位置づけられ,1965年に同大学に設立されたヒューリスティック・プログラミング・プロジェクト HPPなどで研究開発が進んだ。有機化合物の化学構造式を推定する DENDRALが最初のエキスパートシステムとされ,医療診断エキスパートシステムの MYCIN(1974完成)なども知られる。1980年頃にはエキスパートシステムの商用化が盛んに試みられ,日本の第5世代コンピュータプロジェクトにも影響を与えた。エキスパートシステムは,「このような場合にはこのようにせよ」というルール形式で書かれた知識を集積した知識ベースと,与えられた問題を知識ベースの内容に基づいて解決する推論エンジンから構成される。知識ベースの内容は自然言語の表現に近かったが,専門家がその内容を直接記述し管理するのは困難であったので,専門家にインタビューし,そこで得た膨大な情報を集積する人手が不可欠であった。そのため,エキスパートシステムのアプローチは知識の獲得と管理に隘路があるとみなされ,限定的にしか成功しなかった。これにより人工知能は冬の時代を迎えたが,背景にある知識工学という考え方はオントロジーや知識マネジメントに引き継がれた。
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