This refers to the repeated changes of dynasties throughout China's several thousand years of history. Since each dynasty had its own family name, when the dynasty changed, the family name also changed (Yixing). Overthrowing the previous dynasty, which had lost its virtue and been abandoned by heaven, was an act of changing the will of heaven (revolution). Therefore, the project of founding such a new dynasty was called a "Yixing Revolution." The translation of the word revolution, "revolution," should be considered as a separate concept. There are cases where the previous emperor does not pass on the position to his descendants, but instead chooses a popular person among the people to take over, but if the emperor is tyrannical, he will cling to his position even though he has been abandoned by heaven and the people. In such cases, the new person who has received the Mandate of Heaven is permitted to take military action against the tyrannical emperor and overthrow him. This way of thinking arose around the time of the so-called Shang-Zhou Revolution, when King Wu of Zhou overthrew King Chu of Shang, and the Confucian scholar Mencius of the Warring States period recognized this as a form of abdication, as opposed to abdication in the revolution of changing surnames. The idea of the Yixing Revolution was later systematized by adding the idea of the Five Elements, and the change of dynasties was said to correspond to the movement of the Five Elements (wood, fire, earth, metal, and water). Those who used this theory to usurp the position of emperor in the form of abdication include Wang Mang (Xin), who replaced the Former Han, the Cao family (Wei), who replaced the Later Han, and the Sima family (Jin), who replaced the Wei. [Yoshihiko Ogura] "Ancient Chinese Academic and Political Science" by Gu Jie Gang, translated by Yoshihiko Ogura et al. (1978, Taishukan Shoten) [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
中国数千年の歴史のなかで繰り返されてきた王朝交替のこと。王朝にはそれぞれ一家の姓があるから、王朝が変われば姓も易(か)わる(易姓)。徳を失って天から見放された前王朝を廃することは、天の命を革(あらた)める行為である(革命)。したがって、このような新王朝を創始する事業は「易姓革命」とよばれた。revolutionの訳語としての「革命」とは、いちおう別の概念とすべきである。 前の天子がその地位を自分の子孫に伝えずに、民間から人望の厚い人物を選んで譲る場合もあるが、天子が暴虐な場合は、天や民から見放されているにもかかわらず、その地位にしがみつく。そのような際には、新たに天命を受けた者が、暴虐な天子に対して武力行動を起こして打倒することも許される。こうした考え方は、周の武王が殷(いん)の紂(ちゅう)王を滅ぼしたいわゆる殷周革命のころからおこり、戦国時代の儒家孟子(もうし)は、これを易姓革命における禅譲(ぜんじょう)に対する、放伐(ほうばつ)として認めた。 易姓革命思想はのちに五行(ごぎょう)思想を加えて体系化され、王朝交替は五行(木・火・土・金・水)の運行に照応するものとされるようになった。この理論を利用して、禅譲形式で天子の地位を簒奪(さんだつ)した者に、前漢にかわった王莽(おうもう)(新)、後漢(ごかん)にかわった曹(そう)氏(魏(ぎ))、魏にかわった司馬(しば)氏(晋(しん))などがある。 [小倉芳彦] 『顧頡剛著、小倉芳彦他訳『中国古代の学術と政治』(1978・大修館書店)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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