Labor Day - Arbeitstag (English)

Japanese: 労働日 - ろうどうび(英語表記)Arbeitstag ドイツ語
Labor Day - Arbeitstag (English)

The working hours of a worker in one day are called the working day. In a capitalist society, the working day of a worker is composed of necessary labor time and surplus labor time. Of these, necessary labor time is the labor time necessary to reproduce the value of labor power. In reality, workers perform surplus labor in excess of this, which produces surplus value for capitalists. The necessary labor time to produce the value of labor power is roughly constant in a given society at a given time, because the value of labor power remains constant under given production conditions. Therefore, the longer the working day, the longer the surplus labor time will be, and the more surplus value produced will increase, so capitalists try to extend the working day as much as possible. However, there is a limit to the extension of the working day. This is determined doubly by the worker's physiological and physical limits, and also by his mental and social limits. Since these two limits are highly flexible, capitalists try to extend the working day to the very limit of their physical limits, but workers oppose this, calling for a shortening of the working day so that labor power can be reproduced properly. As a result of the fierce struggle between the capitalist class and the working class over these working days, standard working days were established by law. In the UK, a 10-hour workday was enacted in 1847, and in 1919, the ILO Convention on the 8-hour workday was adopted. In Japan, the Labor Standards Act of 1947 established an 8-hour workday and a 48-hour workweek, and in 1999 the principle of a 40-hour workweek was established.

[Nihei Satoshi]

"Kapital by K. Marx, Volume 1, Part 3, Chapter 8 (translated by Itsuro Mukaizaka, Iwanami Bunko/translated by Jiro Okazaki, Otsuki Shoten, Kokumin Bunko)"

[Reference] | Surplus value | Labor Standards Act | Working hours

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

労働者の1日の労働時間のことを労働日という。資本主義社会における労働者の労働日は、必要労働時間と剰余労働時間とから構成されている。このうち必要労働時間は労働力の価値を再生産するのに必要な労働時間である。実際には労働者はこれを上回って剰余労働を行っており、それによって資本家のための剰余価値が生産される。労働力の価値を生産する必要労働時間は、所与の生産諸条件のもとでは労働力の価値が不変であるがゆえに、一定社会の一定時代においてはだいたい一定である。したがって労働日を延長すればするほど剰余労働時間は長くなり、生産される剰余価値も増大するので、資本家はできる限り労働日を延長しようとする。しかし労働日の延長には限度がある。それは、労働者の生理的・肉体的限度によって、さらに精神的・社会的限度によって、二重に規定されている。この二つの限度はきわめて伸縮自在なため、資本家は肉体的限度ぎりぎりまで労働日を延長しようとするが、これに対して労働者は、労働力が順当に再生産されるよう労働日の短縮を求めて反対する。こうした労働日をめぐる資本家階級と労働者階級の激しい闘争の結果として、法律によって標準労働日が設定された。イギリスでは1847年に10時間労働制が制定され、1919年にはILO総会で8時間労働制に関する条約が採択された。日本では1947年(昭和22)制定の労働基準法で1日8時間、週48時間労働制となり、さらに1999年より週40時間労働の原則が定められた。

[二瓶 敏]

『K・マルクス著『資本論』第1巻第3篇第8章(向坂逸郎訳・岩波文庫/岡崎次郎訳・大月書店・国民文庫)』

[参照項目] | 剰余価値 | 労働基準法 | 労働時間

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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