Dutch painter and printmaker. In 1609, the Netherlands secured its de facto independence from Spain, and in the 17th century, it quickly became Europe's leading commercial and trading nation, ushering in the heyday of citizen painting, genre and landscape painting, which had never been seen in European painting before. Rembrandt was the greatest painter of the Netherlands, and one of the greatest painters in the history of painting in the world, far surpassing the Netherlands. He was born on July 15, 1606, as the sixth son of a miller in Leiden. His interest in painting had already blossomed in his youth, and he entered Leiden University in 1620, but within six months he abandoned his academic studies and took his first steps as a painter. In the Dutch art world at the time, there were many so-called Romanists who were inspired by Italian painting, and he also studied under Jacob van Swanenburg (1571-1638) in Leiden, and then Pieter Lastman (1583-1633), who was popular in Amsterdam. In particular, his exposure to the Italian Caravaggio-style naturalism and chiaroscuro under Lastman was a great source of nourishment for him, who had grown up since childhood surrounded by the mysterious illusions of light created by the movement of windmills. In 1625 he established a studio in Leiden as an independent painter. His observations of his subjects, humans, and his expression of the sense of life captured in the sharp contrast of light and dark gradually matured as a portrait painter. In 1631, he moved to Amsterdam, and soon afterwards, he became popular in the art world with his commissioned painting of "Anatomical Lectures by Dr. Tulp" (Mauritshuis, The Hague, History of Medicine). This work has a sense of solidarity and tension among the people that is not seen in the commemorative group portraits that were popular in the Netherlands at the time, and each person is expressed with a rich individuality. Later, he was blessed with the marriage (1634) to Saskia van Uylenburgh (1612-1642), who came from a distinguished family in the North Netherlands, and he increased his fame and income as a portrait painter and through his own works based on the Bible. The major turning point in his life was the completion of his masterpiece "The Night Watch" (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam) in 1642. In this group portrait, commissioned by the Amsterdam vigilante group, he depicted a scene. It was no longer simply a list of the group's leaders, but a clearly planned drama. For this reason, it was far from satisfying the public, who were looking for a flat, commemorative photograph-like work, and after this work his popularity with the public gradually declined, and he also experienced the death of Saskia in the same year. However, at the same time, his essence, which is said to be that of a painter of the soul, a painter of light, or a painter of human love, matured and reached completion from this point on. He tried to depict humanity itself, the movement of life itself. The unique, rich and deep rhythm of light and dark, which melts into color and warmly breathes even in the darkness, was the source from which he derived his art. He painted all kinds of genres, including concept paintings based on the Bible and mythology, portraits, and landscapes, and in all of them, his works appeal deeply to the viewer's heart, far beyond the steady genre paintings and landscapes that flourished in the Netherlands at that time. Moreover, there is no one who portrays his subjects as thoroughly as he did. And it is his unique use of light and shade that elevates it to the voice of the human soul. He has nearly 100 self-portraits that still exist, and these are his irreplaceable history and a record of his life. Being too faithful to his own art, in his later years he was gradually abandoned both financially and by the public. However, with the support of several friends who still trusted him, and his good companion in his later years, Hendrickje Stoffels (1625/1626-1663), who came into his household in 1649, his painting career finally reached the level of divine skill. However, in 1656 he was declared bankrupt, and on October 4, 1669, he died almost forgotten in a corner of the Jewish quarter of Amsterdam. He was also one of the world's greatest printmakers, and today, approximately 500 oil paintings, 300 prints, and 2,000 drawings are treasured in museums and collections around the world. [Kamon Yasuo] "Rembrandt" by Kamon Yasuo (1968, Chuokoron-Bijutsu Shuppan)" ▽ "Rembrandt" by Hijikata Sadakazu (1971, Shinchosha)" ▽ "Rembrandt" by Wallace, translated and supervised by Kamon Yasuo (1970, Time-Life)" ▽ "World Art Collection 13: Rembrandt, with commentary by Maekawa Seiro et al. (1977, Shueisha)" ▽ "World Biography Series 7: Rembrandt, by M. Brillon et al., translated by Sueki Tomokazu et al. (1983, Shogakukan)" [References] | | | | |It was built to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the birth of the Dutch painter Rembrandt. It is located in Rembrandtplein. Amsterdam, Netherlands ©Shogakukan "> Rembrandt Statue 1642 Oil painting , Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam "> Rembrandt "The Night Watch" Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
オランダの画家、版画家。1609年にスペインから事実上の独立を確保し、またたくまにヨーロッパ第一の商業国・貿易国となった17世紀オランダには、それまでのヨーロッパ絵画にはなかった風俗画・風景画という市民絵画の全盛をもたらした。そのオランダ最高の、しかもはるかにオランダを超えて世界絵画史上最大の画家の1人がレンブラントである。1606年7月15日、ライデンの粉屋の六男に生まれる。彼の絵画への興味はすでに少年時代に芽生えており、1620年にライデン大学に入ったが、半年足らずで学問への道を捨て、画家としての第一歩を踏み出した。当時のオランダ画壇には、イタリア絵画に刺激を受けた、いわゆるロマニストたちが多く、彼もまたライデンのスワーネンブルヒJacob van Swanenburg(1571―1638)、ついでアムステルダムで人気のあったラストマンPieter Lastman(1583―1633)についた。とくにラストマンのもとでイタリアのカラバッジョ風の自然主義と明暗法を知ったことは、子供のころから風車の動きによって生ずる光の不思議な幻想のなかに育ってきた彼に、大きな滋養となった。1625年には独立の画家としてライデンにアトリエを構えている。 彼の対象―人間に対する観察と明暗の激しい対照のなかにとらえる生命感の表現は、まず肖像画家としてしだいに成熟した。1631年にはアムステルダムへ移住、その後まもなく注文を受けて描いた『トゥルプ博士の解剖学講義』(ハーグ、マウリッツハイス美術館、医学史)により、一躍画壇の人気者になった。この作品には、当時のオランダに流行していた記念撮影風の団体肖像画にはみられない、人間相互の連帯感と緊迫感があり、各人物が個性豊かに表現されている。その後、北オランダの名門の出であるサスキアSaskia van Uylenburgh(1612―1642)との結婚(1634)にも恵まれ、肖像画家として、また彼本来の聖書に取材した作品によって、盛名と収入を高めていった。そのような彼に生涯の大きな転機となったのは、1642年の大作『夜警』(アムステルダム国立美術館)の完成である。アムステルダムの自警団から依頼されたこの団体肖像画において、彼は一つの情景を描き出した。それは、もはや単なる団体幹部の羅列図ではなく、明らかに構想されたドラマである。そのため、平板な記念撮影風の作品を求めていた世間からはけっして満足されず、この作品を境にして、彼の世間的人気はしだいに下降し、さらにこの年、サスキアの死にも遭遇する。しかし同時に、魂の画家、光の画家、あるいは人間愛の画家といわれる彼の神髄はこれ以後に円熟し、完成する。 彼は人間性そのものを、生命の動きそのものを描こうとした。色彩に溶け、闇(やみ)にまで温かく息づく独特の豊かに深い明暗のリズムは、彼の芸術を導き出す源泉であった。彼は聖書や神話による構想画、肖像画、風景画などのあらゆる分野を描いているが、そのいずれにおいても、当時のオランダに栄えた着実な風俗画や風景画をはるかに超えて、見る人の心に深々と訴えてくる。しかも、彼ほど対象に対して徹底した写実の人はないであろう。そして、それを人間の魂の声にまで高めているのは、彼独自の明暗法である。彼には現存するだけでも100近い自画像があるが、これこそかけがえのない彼自身の歴史であり、生命の記録である。自己の芸術に忠実なあまり、晩年の彼は経済的にも対世間的にもしだいに見捨てられていった。しかしなお彼を信頼する幾人かの友人と、1649年に彼の家庭に入った晩年のよき伴侶(はんりょ)ヘンドリッキエHendrickje Stoffels(1625/1626―1663)に支えられて、画業はいよいよ神技の境に達した。しかし、1656年には破産の宣告を受け、1669年10月4日、アムステルダムのユダヤ人区の一隅で、ほとんど忘れられたままにその生涯を終えた。彼は、版画家としても世界最大級の1人であり、今日、油絵約500点、版画約300点、素描約2000点が、世界の美術館、所蔵家のもとに愛蔵されている。 [嘉門安雄] 『嘉門安雄著『レンブラント』(1968・中央公論美術出版)』▽『土方定一著『レンブラント』(1971・新潮社)』▽『ウォレス著、嘉門安雄監訳『レンブラント』(1970・タイムライフ社)』▽『前川誠郎他解説『世界美術全集13 レンブラント』(1977・集英社)』▽『M・ブリヨン他著、末木友和他訳『世界伝記双書7 レンブラント』(1983・小学館)』 [参照項目] | | | | |オランダの画家レンブラントの生誕400年を記念してつくられた。レンブラント広場にある。オランダ アムステルダム©Shogakukan"> レンブラント像 1642年 油彩アムステルダム国立美術館所蔵"> レンブラント『夜警』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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