Scarlet fever

Japanese: 猩紅熱 - しょうこうねつ(英語表記)Scarlet fever
Scarlet fever

What kind of infection is it?

Group A Beta-hemolytic streptococci ( Beta-positive ) It is caused by infection with a bacterium called streptococcus. cough ( cough ) You become infected by inhaling airborne bacteria that are released from the mouth.

Scarlet fever is a condition in which the throat becomes red and swollen with a sudden fever, followed by a rash. In the past, it was a disease that could be fatal, but now it is a disease that can be cured completely if antibiotics are used properly and complications are prevented. However, there is a possibility of repeated infection.

How symptoms manifest

It starts with a sudden fever of 39°C or higher, followed by a sore, red, swollen throat. Other symptoms include nausea, headache, abdominal pain, muscle pain, joint pain, otitis media, and swollen lymph nodes in the neck.

In the case of scarlet fever, after half a day to two days, a red, fine, rough rash appears on the neck, chest, and other parts of the body accompanied by itching. Armpit ( Armpit ) The rash gradually increases and the whole body appears red. After 3 to 4 days, the tongue becomes red and pimpled like strawberries. This is called strawberry tongue.

The rash disappears in about a week, and the skin on the fingertips may peel off in about two weeks, but it will improve in about three weeks and no traces will remain. Major complications include acute glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever. Swelling of the face, red urine, Palpitations ( Excitement ) If you experience symptoms such as shortness of breath or joint pain, you should also be careful.

Testing and diagnosis

In many cases, diagnosis can be made based on clinical symptoms. Recently, rapid throat antigen testing has become the mainstream for outpatient diagnosis. A definitive diagnosis requires culture testing of a sample taken from the throat and antibody testing of blood.

After symptoms improve, your urine will be checked 2 to 3 weeks later to see if there is blood in it.

Treatment methods

Penicillin-based antibiotics are generally used. After a few days, the medicine will take effect, the fever will go down, and the rash will gradually become less noticeable. If the antibiotics are taken correctly, the infection will no longer be contagious to others within about a day, so if the child's overall condition stabilizes, it is possible to continue taking the antibiotics and go to school. However, in order to prevent complications, it is very important to continue taking the antibiotics for about 10 days.

For itchy skin, you can take antihistamines orally or with ointments. While taking the medicine, you should rest, gargle thoroughly, and try to eat foods that are as non-irritating as possible.

What to do if you notice an illness

Characteristic symptoms such as high fever and rash often appear in children aged 4 or older, but in infants, the disease may simply cause a cold.

If your child has a high fever or rash, or if the swelling in the throat does not go away for more than two days, you should visit a pediatrician as soon as possible.

Tomohiro Katsuta, Tatsuo Kato

Scarlet fever
Scarlet fever
(Childhood illnesses)

What is the disease?

Group A Streptococcus ( Yorenkin ) It is a disease caused by infection with the bacteria that causes pharyngitis (inflammation of the throat), and it can cause not only pharyngitis but also a rash all over the body. It is mainly seen in infants and school-age children.

It was previously designated as a legally notifiable infectious disease, but under the new Infectious Diseases Act that came into effect in 1999, Quarantine ( Kakuri ) There are no longer any legal restrictions.

What is the cause?

Group A streptococcus infection causes a rash due to toxins produced by the bacteria.

How symptoms manifest

The incubation period is 1-7 days, and infection occurs through contact with an infected person. It starts with a sudden fever and sore throat, and 12-24 hours later, a reddish rash with spots appears. The skin of the rash starts peeling about a week later.

Testing and diagnosis

The above symptoms suggest scarlet fever, and a throat test will confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment methods

Antibiotics are taken orally. In order to eliminate group A streptococcus, penicillin-based antibiotics are generally taken orally for 10 days, and patients must continue taking antibiotics for the specified period.

Complications include post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis (column) and rheumatic fever. If left untreated, these complications occur in 2-3% of infected people, but can be prevented with proper treatment. Post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis is reduced to 1/100th (0.02%) of what it would be if left untreated.

What to do if you notice an illness

If you notice a fever or rash, please visit a medical institution immediately. Once the fever has subsided, there is almost no risk of spreading the virus to others, so it is okay for your child to go to school or daycare. Also, be aware that in 30-50% of cases, infection occurs within families.

Tomohiro Oishi

Source: Houken “Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia” Information about the Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia

Japanese:

どんな感染症か

 A群β溶血性連鎖球菌(ベータようけつせいれんさきゅうきん)(溶連菌)という細菌の感染によって発症します。溶連菌は、感染者の(せき)から出た空気中の菌を吸い込んだりすることで感染します。

 急激な発熱とともにのどが真っ赤にはれ、そののち発疹を認めたものを猩紅熱と呼んでいます。昔は死亡することもある病気でしたが、現在は抗菌薬を正しく使用し合併症を予防すれば完治が可能な病気となっています。ただし、繰り返し感染する可能性はあります。

症状の現れ方

 39℃以上の急な発熱で始まり、のどが痛みを伴って真っ赤にはれます。そのほかの症状としては、吐き気、頭痛、腹痛、筋肉痛、関節痛、中耳炎、首のリンパ節のはれなどがあります。

 猩紅熱の場合は、そののち半日~2日後に赤くて細かいざらざらした発疹が、かゆみを伴って首・胸・(わき)などに現れます。発疹は少しずつ増えて全身が赤くみえるようになります。3~4日後には、舌がイチゴのように赤くぷつぷつするようになります。これをイチゴ舌と呼びます。

 発疹が1週間前後で消えたあと、2週間ほどで指先の皮がむけることがありますが、3週間ほどで軽快し、あとは残りません。なお、主な合併症に急性糸球体腎炎(しきゅうたいじんえん)、リウマチ熱などがあります。顔のむくみ、赤い尿、動悸(どうき)、息切れ、関節痛を認めた場合は、これらにも注意が必要です。

検査と診断

 多くの場合は、臨床症状で診断が可能です。最近は、のどの抗原の迅速検査が外来診断の主流となっています。確実な診断には、のどからとった検体の培養検査、血液による抗体の検査が必要になります。

 症状が改善した後も、2~3週間後に尿のなかに血液が混じっていないかを検査します。

治療の方法

 ペニシリン系の抗菌薬を使用するのが一般的です。数日で薬の効果が出て熱が下がり、発疹も徐々に目立たなくなります。抗菌薬を正しく内服すれば、通常約1日でまわりの人へ伝染することはなくなるため、全身状態が安定すれば、内服を続けながら通園通学することは可能です。ただし合併症を予防するためにも、10日程度は確実に抗菌薬をのみ続けることがとても大切です。

 皮膚のかゆみに対しては、抗ヒスタミン薬の内服や軟膏を使用します。薬をのんでいる間は安静を保ち、うがいをしっかりとし、なるべく刺激の少ない食事をとるように心がけます。

病気に気づいたらどうする

 高熱や発疹などの特徴的な症状が現れるのは4歳以上の場合が多く、乳児の場合は単なるのどかぜ症状のみであることがあります。

 高熱や発疹のある場合はもちろん、2日以上のどのはれがおさまらない時は早めに小児科を受診しましょう。

勝田 友博, 加藤 達夫

猩紅熱
しょうこうねつ
Scarlet fever
(子どもの病気)

どんな病気か

 A群溶連菌(ようれんきん)という咽頭炎(のどの炎症)を引き起こす細菌に感染し、咽頭炎だけでなく全身に発疹も現れる病気です。主に幼児~学童期の子どもにみられます。

 以前は法定伝染病に指定されていましたが、1999年に施行された感染症新法では、隔離(かくり)などの法的規制はなくなりました。

原因は何か

 A群溶連菌による感染で、この細菌が作る毒素により発疹が出ます。

症状の現れ方

 潜伏期間は1~7日で、感染者との接触により感染します。突然の発熱やのどの痛みで始まり、その12~24時間後に、点状の赤みがかった発疹が現れます。発疹の出た場所は、約1週間後から皮がむけてきます。

検査と診断

 上記の症状があれば猩紅熱が疑われ、のどの検査により診断が確定します。

治療の方法

 抗生剤を内服しますが、A群溶連菌を排除するために、一般的にはペニシリン系の抗生剤を10日間内服する治療が行われており、決められた期間、抗生剤の内服を続けなければなりません。

 合併症として、溶連菌感染後急性糸球体腎炎(しきゅうたいじんえん)(コラム)やリウマチ熱があります。治療を行わなかった場合、これらの合併症は感染者の2~3%に起こりますが、適切な治療により合併症を防ぐことができます。溶連菌感染後急性糸球体腎炎は、治療を行わなかった場合の100分の1(0.02%)にまで減ります。

病気に気づいたらどうする

 発熱や発疹を認めたらすぐに医療機関を受診してください。なお、解熱すれば他人へうつす危険性がほとんどなくなるので、登校や登園をしてもかまいません。また、家族内で感染する例が30~50%あるので注意が必要です。

大石 智洋

出典 法研「六訂版 家庭医学大全科」六訂版 家庭医学大全科について 情報

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