A method of divination that originated in ancient China. When deciding important national issues, in the Yin dynasty (18th - 12th century BC), the fortunes of the situation were decided by the shape of the cracks that appeared when tortoise shells or animal bones were burned. This is called tortoise shell and animal bone divination, and the oracle bone inscriptions are the divination texts from that time. In the Zhou dynasty (12th - 3rd century BC), divination by tarot cards became more common than oracle bone divination. It is divination based on the Book of Changes. According to the Zhou Li, the position of the great divination was in charge of the Three Methods of I Ching. The Three Methods of I Ching are Lianshan, Qi Zang, and Zhou Yi. It is said that "Lianshan" is a book of I Ching from the Xia dynasty, which preceded the Shang dynasty, and "Qi-tang" is a book of I Ching from the Shang dynasty, but these are no longer in existence, and the truth of this is unclear. Today, the I Ching is the one from the Zhou dynasty, known as the "Zhouyi." Originally a book of divination, its contents include a summary of wisdom for life as well as a philosophy of how to get along in life, and later, Zhu Xi's philosophy formed a form of metaphysics within it. [Yasui Kozan] The name of I ChingRegarding the origin of the character for Yi, the Shuowen states that it is a pictograph of a lizard, "Sekieki, Entei, Gecko, Pictogram," but Kato Jouken's The Origin of Chinese Characters also states that this is correct, based on the shape of the character in bronze inscriptions. Since lizards often change color, the character for Yi is said to mean "to change." In the Yi San by Zheng Xuan of the Later Han Dynasty, it is said that Yi has three meanings: easy (ikan), change (karu), and unchanging (unchanging). The Yi seems complicated, explaining all the phenomena between heaven and earth with 64 hexagrams, but in reality, it is simple and clear, explaining based on the two lines of yin and yang, which is what makes it Yi simple. All phenomena in the heavens and earth are constantly changing and do not remain constant, that is, they are changeable. However, even in this change, there is an unchanging law, that is, they are immutable. The Book of Changes is said to easily show this change and immutability through symbols and numbers. This is one of the three meanings of the Book of Changes, along with Easy and Simple. [Yasui Kozan] Formation of the I ChingThere are various theories about the author of the I Ching. First, there is a legend that the ancient emperor Fuxi drew the Eight Trigrams, according to the "Jie Ci" section of the I Ching, which says, "Looking up to see the images in the sky, looking down to see the laws on the earth, observing the patterns of birds and beasts and the appropriateness of the earth, he first created the Eight Trigrams." Another theory is that the "Wei Shu" states, "The king of the world of Fuxi was a divine dragon who carried a diagram on his back and went out to the Yellow River. He followed the diagram and was the first to draw the Eight Trigrams" ("Dragon and Fish River Diagram"). There are also theories that Fuxi also created the Eight Trigrams into 64 hexagrams, and that it was Shennong, but both are legends and are uncertain. The 64 hexagrams contain the hexagram statement (a statement that judges the hexagram as a whole) and the line statement (a statement that judges the situation regarding the line), and it is said that the hexagram statement was written by King Wen of Zhou, and the line statement by the Duke of Zhou. There is a theory that the line statement was also written by King Wen, but since some of the line statement describes events that occurred after King Wen's reign, it is said that it is more appropriate to attribute the line statement to the Duke of Zhou. The above is the theory on the creation of the main text of the sutra, but there is a tradition that explains the sutra in response to this. The preface to Zhouyi Zhengyi, which consists of ten chapters, namely "Tan Biography" (Vol. 1 and 2), "Xi Ci Biography" (Vol. 1 and 2), "Wen Yan Biography", "Shuo Gua Biography", "Preface Hexagram Biography" and "Miscellaneous Hexagram Biography", states, "The Confucian scholars have no objection to the fact that the ten chapters, including Tan and Xiang, were written by Confucius." However, since Ouyang Xiu of the Song Dynasty, many theories have been put forward that doubt this. However, there is no doubt that the two chapters, Tan and Xiang, were written by Confucius. Even if all the ten chapters were not written by Confucius, they were likely written by members of the Confucius school. [Yasui Kozan] History of I ChingDuring the Qin Shi Huang Emperor's burning of books and burying of scholars, the I Ching escaped the attack because it was a book of divination. The Zuo Zhuan (Chinese: Spring and Autumn Annals) contains examples of the I Ching often being used as a book of divination. When Confucianism was revived in the Han dynasty, the I Ching was placed at the head of the Six Classics (Rikukei). The Six Arts Strategy (Rikugeiryaku) in the Book of Han's "Arts and Literature" is ordered as I Ching, Calligraphy, Poetry, Rites, Music, and the Spring and Autumn Annals. However, during the Han dynasty, based on the idea of the correlation between heaven and man that was popular at the time, there was a strong tendency to use the I Ching to predict the gains and losses of politics. Meng Xi (70-50 BC) and Jing Fang (78-37 BC) are representative figures of this trend. The Han Dynasty's I Ching was called "Xiang-Mathematical I Ching" because it placed importance on the symbols and numbers of the hexagrams when interpreting I Ching. In response to this complex interpretation of I Ching, Wang Bi (226-249) of the Wei Dynasty tried to grasp the meaning of the entire text using the Ten Wings, and incorporated Laozi and Zhuangzi philosophy to aid the theory of I Ching, and wrote the "Comments on the Zhouyi." It inherited and developed the method of Fei Zhi (1st century BCE) of the Han Dynasty. The "Zhouyi Zhengyi" of the "Five Classics Zhengyi," compiled in the Tang Dynasty, adopted Wang Bi's commentaries, and used the commentaries of Han Kangbo for the "Jici Zhuan," "Shuo Gua Zhuan," "Xu Gua Zhuan," and "Mitsu Gua Zhuan," which Wang Bi did not comment on. In contrast to the Han Dynasty's I Ching Zhuan, Wang Bi's interpretation is called Yili Yi. The study of I Ching in the Song Dynasty was largely influenced by Wang Bi. However, Zhu Xi's (1130-1200) "The Essential Meaning of the Book of I Ching" defines I Ching as a book of divination and regards the texts of the I Ching as the answers to divination. After the Yuan Dynasty, the Four Books and Five Classics were primarily used as required education for the imperial examinations, and Zhu Xi's commentaries on I Ching were used, including Cheng Yi's (1033-1107) "Yichuan Yifang" and Zhu Xi's "The Essential Meaning of the Book of I Ching." I Ching was introduced to Japan in the Nara period, but from the mid-Edo period onwards, Neo-Confucianism became popular, and there were I Ching researchers such as Yamazaki Ansai, Ito Togai, Arai Hakuga, Mase Chushu, Matsui Rashu, Sakakibara Koshu, and Minagawa Kien. In the Meiji period, Nemoto Michiaki and Endo Ryukichi were active, formulating philosophical theories on how to live in the world, and Takashima Donsho was well known as a fortune teller. [Yasui Kozan] The idea of I ChingThe Book of Changes was originally a book of divination, which determines the way of life, but ideologically, it describes the way of the three elements of heaven, earth, and man through the changes of yin and yang. The Book of Shuogua states, "When sages create the Book of Changes, it is precisely to follow the principles of nature and life. From this standpoint, the way of heaven is called yin and yang. The way of earth is called hardness and softness. The way of man is called benevolence and righteousness. The three elements are combined and made into two." Each of the three elements contains the virtues of yin and yang. Yin and yang are opposites, and all phenomena in the natural world and the human world are assigned to these two.
[Yasui Kozan] DivinationAs the "Jici Zhuan" states, "there are fifty great vines, and forty-nine of them are used," in I Ching divination, fifty bamboo sticks (the stems of a perennial plant called Medohagi) were used, but in later times, hexagrams were made using bamboo sticks about 30 cm long, known as zeichiku. In addition, six pieces of wood called sangi, which are about 10 cm long square pieces of wood with grooves on two adjacent sides, are used. The side without grooves represents yang, and the side with grooves represents yin, and as the divination progresses, the hexagrams are constructed using these. There are three types of divination: the formal divination method, the intermediate divination method, and the simplified divination method. In the formal divination method, 18 changes must be repeated to produce the six lines of one hexagram, which is extremely cumbersome. For this reason, the simplified divination method is often used in recent I Ching divination. As the Mo hexagram says, "Tell the first time you divinate. Do it again and again, and you will be disgraced. Do not tell the first time you divinate." You must divinate with sincerity, as if you are asking the gods. If the hexagram you get is not good, then divining again and again is considered to be disgracing the gods. Therefore, you must use the I Ching divination method to divinate the results of the first divination. In the simplified divination method, one stalk is removed from the 50 stalks and designated as the Tai Chi (Tai Chi), and the remaining 49 stalks are held open in a fan shape and then divided heartily into two parts, one on each hand. The one in the left hand is the Tensaku (Heavenly Strategy) and the one in the right hand is the Ji Strategy. Place the stalks in the right hand on the table and take one of them and place it between the little finger and ring finger of the left hand. This is called the Ren Strategy. This completes the three elements of Heaven, Earth, and Man. Next, count eight stalks in the left hand (two stalks at a time, four times). If the number is divisible by eight, none are left. The remaining stalk and the one held between the little finger are then added, and the number determined is used to determine the eight trigrams. This determines the inner hexagram (the lower half of the hexagram). The remaining number and the hexagram are determined as follows:
1 line (if divisible)…First line 2 lines…Second line 3 lines…Third line 4 lines…Fourth line 5 lines…Five lines 6 lines…Top line (The six lines are counted from the bottom of the hexagram: First, Second, Third, Fourth, Five, Top, etc.) In addition, the "Girai Seigi" describes a method called the "Throwing Coins Method." This involves tossing three coins and then using the following procedure to determine the six lines from the bottom to create a hexagram.
[Yasui Kozan] "Takada Shinji and Goto Motomi, translated and annotated, "Book of Changes," Vol. 1 and 2 (Iwanami Bunko)" ▽ "Honda Osamu, translated and annotated, "Selections of Chinese Classics, Book of Changes" (1966, Asahi Shimbun)" [Reference items] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
古代中国におこった占いの方法。国家の大事を決するとき、殷(いん)(前18~前12世紀)では、亀甲(きっこう)、獣骨を焼いてできたひび割れの形によって、その吉凶を決した。亀甲獣骨卜占(ぼくせん)といわれるのがそれで、甲骨文字はそのときの卜辞である。周代(前12~前3世紀)になると甲骨卜占より占筮(せんぜい)のほうが多く行われるようになった。『易経(えききょう)』による占いである。『周礼(しゅらい)』によると、大卜(たいぼく)の職では、三易(さんえき)の法をつかさどったとある。三易とは、『連山(れんざん)』『帰蔵(きぞう)』『周易(しゅうえき)』である。『連山』は殷の前の夏(か)王朝の易であり、『帰蔵』は殷王朝の易であるといわれるが、今日ではなくなっていて、事実のほどは明らかでない。そして今日、易といっているのは、周代の易ということで、『周易』といわれているものである。もともと卜占の書であるが、その内容には生活の知恵が集約されているとともに、処世の哲学があり、後世、朱子学はこのなかに形而上(けいじじょう)学を形成した。 [安居香山] 易の名義易の字源について、『説文(せつもん)』は「蜥易(せきえき)、蝘蜒(えんてい)、守宮なり、象形(しょうけい)なり」として、トカゲの類の象形としているが、加藤常賢(じょうけん)の『漢字の起源』でも、金文(きんぶん)の字形からみて、正しい見解としている。トカゲは体色がよく変わることから、易の字には「かわる」という意味があるとされる。後漢(ごかん)の鄭玄(じょうげん)の『易賛(えきさん)』には、易に三義があると説く。易簡(いかん)(たやすい)、変易(かわる)、不易(かわらない)である。易は六十四卦(か)をもって天地間のあらゆる事象を説明して複雑のようであるが、その実、陰陽の二爻(こう)に基づいて説明する簡単、明瞭(めいりょう)なものであるというのが易簡である。天地間のあらゆる事象はつねに変化してとどまることがない、すなわち変易である。しかし、その変化のなかにも、変わらない法則性がある。すなわち不易である。易は、この変易と不易とを、象徴と数によってたやすく示してくれるとする。易簡とともに易の三義である。 [安居香山] 易の形成易の作者については、いろいろの説がある。まず八卦(はっか)を画(えが)いたのは古帝王の伏羲(ふくぎ)であるという伝説で、易の「繋辞(けいじ)伝」下に「仰いで象(しょう)を天に観(み)、俯(ふ)して法を地に観(み)、鳥獣の文(ぶん)と地の宜(ぎ)とを観(み)、始めて八卦を作る」とあるによる。これとは別に、『緯書(いしょ)』に「伏羲氏の天下に王たるや、神龍(しんりゅう)ありて、図を負いて黄河に出づ。法(のっと)りてこれに効(なら)い、始めて八卦を画く」(「龍魚河図」)という説もある。八卦を六十四卦としたのも伏羲であるというのと、それは神農(しんのう)であるという説があるが、いずれも伝説で定かでない。六十四卦には、卦辞(かじ)(卦全体についての判断の文句)と爻辞(こうじ)(爻についての状況判断の文句)があるが、卦辞は周の文王がつくり、爻辞は周公がつくったとされている。爻辞も文王がつくったという説があるが、爻辞のなかに文王以後の事件が述べられているところもあるので、爻辞は周公の作とするのが妥当といわれている。以上が経の本文についての成立説であるが、これに対して、経を解説した伝(でん)がある。「彖(たん)伝」(上・下)、「象(しょう)伝」(上・下)、「繋辞伝」(上・下)、「文言(ぶんげん)伝」「説卦(せっか)伝」「序卦(じょか)伝」「雑卦(ざっか)伝」の10編で、『周易正義』の序には、「其(そ)の彖象(たんしょう)等十翼(じゅうよく)の辞は、以(もっ)て孔子(こうし)の為(な)すところとなすは、先儒更(さら)に異論なし」と述べているが、宋(そう)の欧陽脩(おうようしゅう)以来これを疑う説が多く出ている。しかし、彖・象二伝については、孔子の作であることを疑うものはない。十翼すべてが孔子の作でないとしても、孔子門流の手になったものであろうと考えられている。 [安居香山] 易学の沿革秦(しん)の始皇帝の焚書坑儒(ふんしょこうじゅ)のとき、卜筮の書ということで易はその難を免れた。『春秋左氏(さし)伝』には占筮の書としての易がしばしば用いられている実例が出ている。漢代に至り儒学が復興すると、易は六経(りくけい)の首に置かれた。『漢書』「芸文志(げいもんし)」の六芸略(りくげいりゃく)は、易・書・詩・礼・楽・春秋と次第している。しかし漢代では、当時流行した天人相関思想に基づき、易によって政治の得失を占う傾向が強かった。孟喜(もうき)(前70―前50ころ)、京房(けいぼう)(前78―前37)はその代表的人物である。漢代の易学を「象数易(しょうすうえき)」というのは、易の解釈にあたって卦の象と数を重んじたからである。こうした複雑な易解釈に対して、魏(ぎ)の王弼(おうひつ)(226―249)は、十翼によって経文全体の意味を把握することに努めるとともに、老荘哲学を取り入れて易理論をたすけ、『周易注』を著した。漢の費直(ひちょく)(前1世紀)の法を継承発展せしめたものである。唐代に編纂(へんさん)された『五経正義』の『周易正義』は、王弼の注を採用し、王弼が注しなかった「繋辞伝」「説卦伝」「序卦伝」「雑卦伝」については、韓康伯(かんこうはく)の注を用いた。漢代の象数易に対して、王弼の解釈を義理易という。宋代の易学はおおむね王弼の流れをくむ。しかし朱熹(しゅき)(朱子、1130―1200)の『周易本義』では、易を卜筮の書と規定し、易の経文を卜占の答えとみる点に特徴がある。元(げん)以後の科挙(かきょ)の必須(ひっす)教養としての四書、五経は、朱子学系の注釈書が主として用いられ、易では程頤(ていい)(1033―1107)の『伊川(いせん)易法』や朱熹の『周易本義』が用いられた。 日本には、易は奈良時代に伝来しているが、江戸中期以後、朱子学が盛んとなり、山崎闇斎(あんさい)、伊藤東涯(とうがい)、新井白蛾(あらいはくが)、真勢中洲(ませちゅうしゅう)、松井羅州(らしゅう)、榊原篁洲(さかきばらこうしゅう)、皆川淇園(きえん)などの易研究家がいた。明治期に入っては根本通明(みちあき)、遠藤隆吉(りゅうきち)らが処世哲学的理論をたてて活躍し、占筮家としては高島呑象(どんしょう)が知られている。 [安居香山] 易の思想易は本来占筮の書で、これによって処世の道を決するのであるが、思想的には陰陽の変化をもって天地人三才の道を述べたもので、「説卦伝」に「聖人の易を作るや、まさにもって性命の理に順(したが)わんとす。ここをもって天の道を立つ、曰(いわ)く陰と陽と。地の道を立つ、曰く剛と柔と。人の道を立つ、曰く仁と義と。三才を兼ねてこれを両にす」とある。三才それぞれに陰陽の徳が含まれているのである。陰陽は相対立するものであり、自然界、人間界のすべての事象は、みなこの二者に配される。
[安居香山] 占筮法「繋辞伝」に「大衍(えん)の数五十、その用四十九」とあるように、易占では50本の蓍策(しさく)(メドハギという多年生植物の茎)を用いたが、後世では30センチメートルほどの竹の棒、すなわち筮竹(ぜいちく)によって卦をたてた。このほかに算木(さんぎ)といわれる長さ10センチメートルほどの角材で、隣り合う2面に溝をつけた木6本が用いられる。溝のない面が(陽)を、溝のある面が(陰)を表し、占筮の進むにつれて、これで卦を組み立てていく。この占筮法には、本筮法、中筮法、略筮法の3通りがある。本筮法では、一つの卦の六つの爻を出すために、18変の操作を繰り返すため、きわめて煩瑣(はんさ)である。そのため近時の易占では、多く略筮法が用いられている。蒙(もう)の卦に、「初筮には告ぐ。再三すれば涜(けが)る。涜るれば告げず」とあるように、誠意をもって神明に問う気持ちで占わねばならない。でた卦がよくないとして、再三占うことは、神明を冒涜(ぼうとく)するものとされる。したがって、初筮によってでた結果で、易占をしなければならない。 略筮法では、筮竹50本のなかから1本抜いて太極(たいきょく)とし、残りの49本を扇型に開いて持ち、心を込めてこれを左右に分ける。左手のが天策(てんさく)で右手のが地策である。右手のを机上に置き、そのなかの1本を取って左手の小指と薬指との間に挟む。これを人策とする。これで天地人の三才が整ったことになる。次に左手の筮竹を8本ずつ(2本ずつ4回)数える。8で割り切れるときは残さない。そして残った筮竹と、小指に挟んだのを加え、その数によって八卦の卦を決める。これによって、内卦(ないか)(卦の下半分)が決まる。残数と卦の決め方は次のようである。
1本(割り切れた場合)…初爻 このほか擲銭法(てきせんほう)というのが『儀礼(ぎらい)正義』に説かれている。3枚の貨幣を投げて、次の要領で下から六爻を決めて、卦をたてる法である。
[安居香山] 『高田真治・後藤基巳訳註『易経』上下(岩波文庫)』▽『本田済訳注『中国古典選 易』(1966・朝日新聞社)』 [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
...Section 7(a) of the National Industrial Recove...
...During the breeding season, they dig burrows i...
…When Harutomi, the head of the Kishu Tokugawa fa...
[1] The name of a star. It is the fourth star of t...
… [Minoru Imajima]. … *Some of the terminology th...
The term risk premium refers to the difference be...
It is pronounced "kazumono seihon." It i...
A city in the Marche region in central Italy. Popu...
1848‐1913 French legal historian and constitutiona...
Year of death: December 19, 1620 (January 23, 1620...
They are unicellular glands that produce and secre...
...This temple was founded by Emperor Toba's ...
…A late Paleolithic culture whose reference site ...
They are also called the Koshiki Islands, or simp...
…the glenoid cavity is shallow, allowing for grea...