Quantum liquid

Japanese: 量子液体 - りょうしえきたい(英語表記)quantum liquid
Quantum liquid
A liquid in which quantum effects are evident. In systems of small particles, the energy of the zero-point motion is large, and is comparable to the energy of the interactions between particles, and the liquid may remain liquid even at absolute zero. In such cases, the effects of quantum statistics appear. For example, liquid helium-4 obeys Bose statistics. The possibility of a quantum liquid being formed from excitons (electron-hole pairs) created in macroscopic numbers by laser light has also been discussed. Similarly, liquid helium-3 is a fermion. It is also believed that inside low-temperature, high-density celestial bodies (such as neutron stars), neutrons and protons are strongly compressed by the strong gravity and become quantum liquids. Furthermore, since 1995, Bose-Einstein condensation of dilute gases of alkali atoms such as rubidium and sodium has been realized, accelerating research into quantum liquids of bosons. (→ Fermi liquid )

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
量子効果が顕著に現れている液体。質量が小さい粒子の系では,零点運動のエネルギーが大きく,粒子間相互作用のエネルギーと同程度になり,絶対零度においても液体のままのことがある。その場合には量子統計の効果が現れる。たとえば,ボース統計に従うものに液体ヘリウム4がある。またレーザー光で巨視的な数だけつくられたエキシトン (電子と正孔の対) の量子液体の可能性が論じられている。同様にフェルミオンでは,液体ヘリウム3がある。また低温高密度の天体 (中性子星など) の内部では,その大きな重力のために強く圧縮された中性子や陽子が量子液体になっていると考えられている。さらに 1995年以後ルビジウムやナトリウムなどのアルカリ原子の希薄気体のボース=アインシュタイン凝縮が実現されて,ボソンの量子液体の研究が加速している。 (→フェルミ液体 )

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