Abyss Dynasty - Abyss Dynasty

A Portuguese dynasty from 1383 to 1580. It was during the beginning, peak and decline of the Portuguese Age of Discovery. After the death of King Fernando (1345-1383, reigned 1367-1383), it was King John I, who was the abbot of the Avis order, who resolved the issue of succession to the throne, and his election as king marked the birth of the Avis dynasty. During his reign, overseas expansion began, and Ceuta in North Africa was captured (1415). His eldest son, Duarte (1391-1438, reigned 1433-1438), succeeded him to the throne, and thereafter, with the support of the urban merchant class, he actively advanced into West Africa, and the Avis dynasty under the reigns of Afonso V (1432-1481, reigned 1438-1481), nicknamed the "King of Africa", João II, Manuel I, and João III, built a trading post on the Gold Coast and began full-scale gold trading, using this as a base to plan a southward expansion into Africa and set the stage for a plan to reach India. This was the height of the Age of Discovery, when Bartolomeu Dias bypassed the Cape of Good Hope in 1487, Columbus discovered the New World in 1492, and the Treaty of Tordesillas was signed with Castile in 1494, and it was also the time when absolute monarchy was established. King João III built the foundation for colonial activities in Brazil. He was also a patron of literature that brought about the development of Portuguese Renaissance culture, and the poet Luís de Camões (c. 1524-1580), who served at his court, published the epic poem Us Luíadas (1572), which followed classical works and compiled the footsteps of Portuguese people during the Age of Discovery, laying the foundation for modern Portuguese. The logistics trade between the west coast of India and Lisbon, exchanging spices and Central American silver, was a typical example of colonial trade, and the Holy See granted the Portuguese king the right to protect missionary work (Padroado), integrating it with trade and allowing him to exercise control over remote missionary areas in Far East Asia (China, Japan, etc.). However, the Portuguese struggled with managing huge colonies, fell into economic crisis, and the shadow of national decline was already creeping up. Next, Sebastião (1554-1578, reigned 1557-1578), grandson of João III, ascended to the throne and sent troops to Africa to subjugate the Moors. However, he was defeated disastrously at Alcácer Quibir and killed in battle. After that, Cardinal Henry (1512-1580, reigned 1578-1580), son of Manuel I, ascended to the throne, but after his death he was united with the Philippine dynasty of Castile, and the Avis dynasty was destroyed.

[Masashi Hayashida]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

1383～1580年の間のポルトガルの王朝。ポルトガル大航海時代の開幕、最盛、衰退期にあたる。フェルナンド王Fernando（1345―1383、在位1367～1383）の没後、王位継承権問題を収拾したのはアビスAvis修道会長だったジョアン1世で、彼の国王推戴(すいたい)がアビス朝の誕生である。彼の治世に海外進出が開始され、北アフリカのセウタが攻略された（1415）。長子ドゥアルテDuarte（1391―1438、在位1433～1438）が王位を継ぎ、その後、都市商人層の支持を得て西アフリカ進出を積極的に進め、「アフリカ王」の異名をとったアフォンソ5世（1432―1481、在位1438～1481）、ジョアン2世、マヌエル1世、ジョアン3世らの治世下のアビス朝は、黄金海岸に商館を建て、金取引を本格化し、ここを拠点にアフリカ南下政策を図り、インド到達計画の先鞭(せんべん)をつけた。その時期は1487年バルトロメウ・ディアスが喜望峰（暴風岬）を迂回(うかい)し、1492年コロンブスが新大陸を発見し、1494年トルデシリャス条約がカスティーリャと締結されるなど、大航海時代の最盛期であり、絶対君主制が確立された時期でもある。ジョアン3世はブラジルの植民活動の基礎を築いた。またポルトガル・ルネサンス文化を開花させた文芸のパトロン（保護者）であり、その宮廷に仕えた詩人ルイス・デ・カモンイス（1524ころ―1580）は古典作品を踏襲して、大航海時代のポルトガル人の足跡を集大成した叙事詩『ウス・ルジーアダス』（1572）を上梓(じょうし)し、近代ポルトガル語の礎(いしずえ)を構築した。インド西海岸とリスボンを結ぶ香辛料・中米銀などを交換する物流貿易は植民地交易の典型例であり、教皇庁は布教保護権（パドロアドPadroado）をポルトガル王に認め、貿易と一体化させて、遠隔地極東アジア布教区（中国・日本など）の支配権を行使させた。だが、莫大(ばくだい)な植民地経営で苦しみ、経済的危機に陥り、早くも国力衰退の影が忍び寄る。続いてジョアン3世の孫セバスティアンSebastião（1554―1578、在位1557～1578）が即位し、モーロ（モロ）人征伐のためアフリカへ出兵した。しかしアルカセル・キビルAlcácer Quibirであえなく惨敗、戦死する。その後マヌエル1世の子、枢機卿(すうきけい)エンリケHenrique（1512―1580、在位1578～1580）が即位したが、死後カスティーリャのフェリペ王朝に連合され、アビス朝は滅亡した。

［林田雅至］

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