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Japanese: リスト

Hungarian composer and pianist. One of the most important virtuosos of the 19th century. His mother was Austrian. His Hungarian name was Liszt Ferenc. He started learning piano at the age of seven from his father, who was a butler for the Esterházy family, and at the age of nine, he gave public concerts in various places. In 1821, he went to Vienna, where he studied piano under Czerny and composition under Salieri, and made his official debut as a pianist in Vienna the following year in 1822. From 1835 to 1839, he lived with Countess Marie d'Agoult, and had a daughter, Cosima (who later married Bülow and later R. Wagner). From 1848 to 1861, he lived in Weimar with Princess Caroline Wittgenstein, and worked as a conductor for the Weimar court orchestra, while also devoting himself to composition and teaching the younger generation. In 1865, he was ordained as a Catholic and entered a monastery, but returned to Weimar in 1869. He wrote a wide variety of works, including two piano concertos (1849, 1861), Hungarian Rhapsodies, Transcendental Exercises (1851), three volumes of Years of Pilgrimage (1849, 1854, 1877), and the single-movement Piano Sonata in B minor (1853). He is also considered the founder of 12 symphonic poems, including Les Preludes (1848) and Tasso (1849), and played an important role in the development of program music. Other works include Dante Symphony (1856) and Faust Symphony (1857). His later piano works, which included atonal writing, were not published during his lifetime, but their foresight attracted the attention of later generations. →Paganini/Hanslick →Related topics: Arrau | Glazunov | Dance of Death | Chopin | Smetana | Prelude | Sonata | Dulcimer | Dohnanyi | Triangle | Borodin | McDowell | Mendelssohn | Joachim | Rachmaninoff | Rubinstein | Etudes | Romanticism | Weimar | Weingartner

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German economist. Founder of the Historical School. He believed that the development of material and spiritual productive forces is what brings about the development of the nation, and divided the development of national economies into five stages: barbarism, pastoralism, agriculture, agriculture-industry, and agriculture-industry-commerce. He argued that because Germany was in an agricultural-industrial state, it should strive to reach an agricultural-industrial-commerce state (typical of Great Britain) through industrial protection policies such as protective tariffs, and was active in unifying tariffs within Germany, which was divided into small states, and building railways. He was in conflict with Metternich, and fled to the United States from 1825 to 1830. In his later years, he advocated an Anglo-German alliance, and committed suicide in despair. His main work is The National System of Political Economy.
→Related topics American School | Oshima Sadamasu | Protectionism

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German criminal law scholar. Cousin of musician Liszt. Professor at the University of Berlin. A world leader in the new school of criminal law, he advocated the principle of purposive punishment. While arguing that punishment is imposed to protect society from the danger of criminals, he also emphasized the Magna Carta-like function of criminal law in order to protect criminals. He has also influenced Japanese criminal law through Eiichi Makino and others. His main work is "Textbook of German Criminal Law."
→ Related topics Educational Criminology | Criminal Law

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Japanese:

ハンガリーの作曲家，ピアノ奏者。19世紀を代表するビルトゥオーソの一人。母はオーストリア人。ハンガリー名はリスト・フェレンツLiszt Ferenc。エステルハージ家の執事だった父に７歳からピアノを習い，９歳のとき各地で公開演奏会を開く。1821年にウィーンに出，チェルニーにピアノを，サリエリに作曲を学び，翌1822年ウィーンでピアノ奏者として正式デビュー。1835年−1839年ダグー伯爵夫人マリーと同棲，娘コジマが生まれる（コジマはのちにビューローと，さらにのちR.ワーグナーと結婚する）。1848年−1861年ウィトゲンシュタイン侯爵夫人カロリーネとワイマールに住み，ワイマール宮廷楽団の指揮者として活動する一方，作曲と後進の指導に専心。1865年カトリックの聖職位を受け修道院に入るが1869年ワイマールに戻る。多彩な作品を書き，２つのピアノ協奏曲（1849年，1861年），《ハンガリー狂詩曲》，《超絶技巧練習曲》（1851年），《巡礼の年》３巻（1849年，1854年，1877年），単一楽章の《ピアノ・ソナタ・ロ短調》（1853年）などのピアノ曲は有名。また，《前奏曲（レ・プレリュード）》（1848年），《タッソー》（1849年）など12曲の交響詩でその創始者とされ，標題音楽の発展に重要な役割を果たした。ほかに，《ダンテ交響曲》（1856年），《ファウスト交響曲》（1857年）など。無調（無調音楽）の書法を含む晩年のピアノ作品は生前には発表されなかったが，その先見性で後世の注目を集めた。→パガニーニ／ハンスリック
→関連項目アラウ｜グラズノフ｜死の舞踏｜ショパン｜スメタナ｜前奏曲｜ソナタ｜ダルシマー｜ドホナーニ｜トライアングル｜ボロジン｜マクダウェル｜メンデルスゾーン｜ヨアヒム｜ラフマニノフ｜ルビンシテイン｜練習曲｜ロマン主義｜ワイマール｜ワインガルトナー

ドイツの経済学者。歴史学派の創始者。物質的・精神的生産力の発展こそが国民の発展をもたらすとして国民経済の発展を野蛮・牧畜・農業・農工・農工商の５段階に区分。ドイツは農工状態にあるため保護関税等の産業保護政策によって農工商状態（英国が典型）に到達するよう努力すべきだと説き，小邦に分立しているドイツ国内の関税統一，鉄道建設等に活躍した。メッテルニヒと対立し，1825年―1830年米国に亡命。晩年は英独同盟を提唱，失意のうちに自殺。主著《政治経済学の国民的体系》。
→関連項目アメリカ学派｜大島貞益｜保護貿易主義

ドイツの刑法学者。音楽家のリストの従弟。ベルリン大学教授。新派刑法学の世界的指導者で，目的刑主義を唱えた。刑罰は犯人の危険性から社会を防衛するために科せられるとする一方，犯人の保護のため，刑法のマグナ・カルタ的機能を強調。牧野英一などを通じて日本の刑法学にも影響を及ぼしている。主著《ドイツ刑法教科書》。
→関連項目教育刑論｜刑法

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