An ethnic group that straddles the border between Myanmar (Burma) and Thailand, and is found from the southern Shan Plateau to the Tenasserim Mountains. The population is estimated at over 3 million on the Myanmar side and 100,000 to 150,000 on the Thai side. Their language belongs to the Karen branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family, but elements of Mon-Khmer origin have also been noted, and their lineage has not been determined. From the mid-18th century, some of them moved into the delta region of Lower Burma, where they are known as the Lowland Karen and live a life based on wet rice cultivation. On the other hand, the traditional lifestyle of slash-and-burn agriculture is seen among the Mountain Karen. Their houses are tenement-style with raised floors and a room for single men. The basic unit is the village. The kinship system is bilateral, but matrilineal residence is common, and rituals for ancestors called buga are performed by matrilineal relatives. Bronze drums, which are considered valuable among them, are used for various signals in village life. Buddhism has spread mainly among the Lowland Karen, but Christianity has spread since the 19th century, and about 15% of the population are believers. The Karen are divided into several groups based on their dialect. The two largest groups are the Paw Karen and the Sgaw Karen, and the lowland Karen are either of these. In addition, there are many small Karen groups in the mountainous areas. Among these are the Padaung people, who have a unique custom of wearing multiple metal rings to make women's necks longer, and the Kayah (Red Karen), who were strongly influenced by Shan culture and had a system of land lordships. When Burma gained independence, the Karen fought a large-scale military clash with the Burmese army (1949), and the Karen National Defence Organization (KNDO) temporarily established a provisional government. One of the reasons for this "rebellion" is the policy of separate rule during the British colonial period. Due in part to the Karen's reputation for being hardworking and docile, they were given preferential treatment over the Burmese under the colonial period. This is said to have increased the conflict of interest and hostility between the two ethnic groups. Even today, some Karen people are rebelling against the current Myanmar government in the border areas of Karen State. [Tamura Katsumi] "The World of Ancestral Spirits (Buga)" by Shigeru Iijima (NHK Books) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ミャンマー(ビルマ)とタイとの国境にまたがり、シャン高原南部からテナセリム山脈にかけて分布する民族。人口は、推定によると、ミャンマー側で300万以上、タイ側で10万~15万とされる。言語はシナ・チベット語族カレン語派に属するが、モン・クメール系の要素も指摘され、系統上の位置づけは定まっていない。 18世紀なかばから一部が下ビルマ地方のデルタ地帯に進出し、低地カレンとよばれて水稲耕作を基本とした生活を営んでいる。一方、焼畑耕作を生業とする伝統的な生活が山地カレンの間にみられる。家屋は高床長屋式で、独身男性用の部屋がある。村落が基本的単位である。親族制度は双系的であるが、妻方居住が普通で、ブガとよばれる祖霊への儀礼は母系親族が集まって行う。彼らの間で貴重とされる銅鼓は、村落生活でのさまざまな合図に用いられる。低地カレンを中心に仏教が浸透しているが、19世紀以降にキリスト教が広まり、人口の約15%が信者である。 カレンは方言によっていくつかのグループに分けられる。そのなかの大きなグループはポー・カレンとスゴー・カレンで、低地カレンは両者いずれかである。このほかに、山地では少人数のカレン系集団が数多くみられる。このなかには、金属製の輪を何重にもはめて女性の首を長くするという特異な風習をもつパダウン人や、シャン文化の影響を強く受け、土侯国の制度をもったカヤー(赤カレン)人などがある。 カレンはビルマ独立の際に、ビルマ軍と大規模な軍事衝突(1949)をし、カレン民族防衛組織(KNDO)は一時、臨時政府を樹立した。この「反乱」の理由の一つとしてイギリス領時代の分離統治政策があげられる。カレン人の勤勉でおとなしいといわれる民族性もあって、植民地下ではカレン人のほうがビルマ人より優遇された地位を占めていた。それが両民族間の利害の対立や反目を増大させることになったといわれる。今日なお一部のカレン人は、カレン州辺境部でミャンマーの現政権に反旗を翻している。 [田村克己] 『飯島茂著『祖霊(ブガ)の世界』(NHKブックス)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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