Ovarian tumor - Ovarian tumor

Japanese: 卵巣腫瘍 - らんそうしゅよう
Ovarian tumor - Ovarian tumor

This refers to tumors that develop in the ovaries, and includes a wide variety of tumors. Although the ovaries are only about the size of a thumb, they are the organs in the human body that develop the most types of tumors, and they are given various names and classified in various ways.

Clinically, ovarian tumors are broadly classified into three types: benign, malignant, and intermediate, based on their progression, but some are difficult to differentiate. In addition, cystic tumors are pathologically classified into two types: cystic and solid, based on the findings of the cut surface of the tumor when it is removed. Cystic tumors generally show a benign progression, while solid tumors, including those with solid parts, are considered to have a malignant or intermediate progression. In addition, there is a classification based on histogenesis that makes it easier to understand complex ovarian tumors. In other words, the ovaries are mainly composed of tissues and cells such as the surface epithelium, germ cells (egg cells), gonadal stroma, and stroma, and tumors develop from each of these. Ovarian cysts and ovarian cancer (adenocarcinoma) develop from the surface epithelium, and ovarian tumors derived from this surface epithelium are the most common. Dysgerminomas, teratomas, choriocarcinomas, etc. develop from the egg cells that form the follicles, and are often seen in young people, including infancy and childhood. Those derived from the gonadal stroma of granulosa cells and theca cells include tumors that produce hormones, and include those that show feminizing symptoms such as premature puberty, and those that show masculinizing symptoms. Those that originate from the stroma include fibromas and fibrosarcomas. These can progress to benign, malignant, or intermediate, respectively.

With the exception of hormone-producing tumors, all of these tumors are asymptomatic in the early stages, but when the tumor grows to the size of a fist or a child's head, a lump is felt in the lower abdomen, and as it grows even larger, abdominal distension may also occur. In addition to symptoms of pressure on surrounding organs (frequent urination, constipation, lower abdominal pain, back pain, etc.), patients may also complain of menstrual irregularities and uterine bleeding. Occasionally, as a complication, the axon connecting the ovaries and uterus may twist, causing torsion, which can cause sudden, severe pain in the lower abdomen, requiring emergency surgery.

Hormone-producing tumors are divided into estrogen-producing tumors and androgen-producing tumors, the former of which can cause precocious puberty in young girls, endometrial hyperplasia in mature women, and re-feminization of postmenopausal women (breast enlargement, etc.), while the latter can cause oligomenorrhea, breast atrophy, and masculinization such as clitoral enlargement and hirsutism. Choriocarcinoma also produces chorionic gonadotropin, which can cause pregnancy-like symptoms.

Ovarian tumors are diagnosed by palpating a mass in the pelvis during a gynecological examination (pelvic examination), but ultrasound tomography and CT scans are also used. Approximately 80% to 90% of ovarian tumors are benign and pose little threat to life, but the cure rate is relatively low if they become malignant, so early detection is important, and treatment generally involves a combination of surgery and chemotherapy.

[Masao Arai]

[References] | Ovaries | Ovarian cysts

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

卵巣に発生する腫瘍をいうが、これには多種多様な腫瘍が含まれている。卵巣はわずか母指頭大くらいの大きさの臓器でありながら、人体臓器中でもっとも多種類の腫瘍を発生し、種々の名称がつけられ、いろいろに分類されている。

 臨床的には、その経過から良性、悪性、中間性の三つに大別されるが、鑑別の困難なものもある。また、摘出した腫瘍の割面所見から病理学的に嚢胞(のうほう)性と充実性に二大別されるが、嚢胞性腫瘍は一般に良性経過を示し、一部に充実性部分のある嚢胞性腫瘍を含めて充実性のものは悪性または中間性の経過をとるとみられている。さらに、複雑な卵巣腫瘍が理解しやすい組織発生に基づく分類もある。すなわち、卵巣は主として表層上皮、胚(はい)細胞(卵細胞)、性腺(せいせん)間質、間質などの組織や細胞からなるが、腫瘍はこれらのそれぞれから発生する。表層上皮からは卵巣嚢腫や卵巣癌(がん)(腺(せん)癌)が発生するが、この表層上皮由来の卵巣腫瘍がもっとも高い発生頻度を示す。卵胞を形成する卵細胞からは未分化胚細胞腫、奇形腫、絨毛(じゅうもう)癌などが発生し、幼・小児期を含む若年者に多くみられる。顆粒(かりゅう)膜細胞や莢膜(きょうまく)(卵胞膜)細胞の性腺間質由来のものとしては、ホルモンを産生する腫瘍があり、早熟など女性化徴候を示すものと、男性化徴候を示すものなどが含まれる。間質を起源として発生するものには、線維腫や線維肉腫などがある。なお、これらはそれぞれ良性、悪性、中間性の経過を示す。

 症状としては、ホルモン産生腫瘍を除き、初期はいずれも無症状であり、腫瘍がこぶし大ないし小児頭大まで大きくなると下腹部にしこりを感じ、さらに大きくなると腹部膨満感もみられる。また、周辺臓器に対する圧迫症状(尿意頻数や便秘、下腹部痛や腰痛など)のほか、月経異常や子宮出血を訴えることもある。ときに合併症として卵巣と子宮をつなぐ軸索がねじれて茎捻転(けいねんてん)をおこし、突発的に下腹部の激痛などを訴えることがあり、緊急手術を要する。

 なお、ホルモン産生腫瘍にはエストロゲン産生腫瘍とアンドロゲン産生腫瘍があり、前者では幼女の早熟、成熟女性の子宮内膜増殖症、閉経女性の再女性化(乳房腫大など)がみられ、後者では希発月経や乳房萎縮(いしゅく)などから陰核肥大や多毛などの男性化がみられる。また、絨毛癌では絨毛性ゴナドトロピンを産生するので、妊娠様の症状がみられる。

 卵巣腫瘍の診断は、婦人科診察(内診)によって骨盤内の腫瘤(しゅりゅう)が触知されるが、超音波断層撮影やCT検査なども行われる。また、卵巣腫瘍の約80~90%は良性であり、生命の危険は少ないが、悪性化した場合の治癒率が比較的低いので、早期発見が重要であり、治療には手術療法と化学療法を組み合せる方法が一般的である。

[新井正夫]

[参照項目] | 卵巣 | 卵巣嚢腫

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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