The kingdom established by the Langobards, a branch of the ancient Germanic people, who invaded Italy. It is also called the Kingdom of Lombardy. The Lombards' original habitat was the lower Elbe River basin, but in the mid-2nd century they moved to the Danube River area, in the late 5th century to Lower Austria, and in the mid-6th century to Noricum and Pannonia. After being attacked by the Avars from the east, they invaded Italy in 568 under the leadership of King Alboin, and established a tribal kingdom in Lombardy along the Po River, with Pavia as its capital. They then spread their influence southwards, from Tuscany to the Spoleto and Benevento regions of southern Italy, but because they placed powerful clans in each region, many independent principalities were formed, and after Alboin's successor, King Clef, was murdered, many principalities ruled by 35 grand dukes coexisted. As the threat of the Frankish Kingdom grew, the monarchy was restored under King Autari in 584, and efforts were made to suppress the power of the feudal lords and strengthen royal authority, but the power of the great princes remained strong, and it was only in the first half of the 8th century, when King Liutprand defeated the duchies of Spoleto and Benevento, that royal authority finally expanded. Afterwards, King Aistulf annexed the Byzantine territory of Ravenna, and then threatened Rome, but this invited the intervention of the Frankish King Pepin the Younger, who responded to the Pope's request for help, and then, on the pretext of the feud between King Desiderius and the Pope, the Frankish King Charles (later the Great) also invaded Italy. In 774, Desiderius was captured, and the Kingdom of the Lombards was annexed by the Frankish Kingdom, resulting in its demise. [Shosuke Hirajo] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
古ゲルマン民族の一派であるランゴバルドLangobard人がイタリアに侵入して建てた王国。ロンバルディア王国ともいう。ランゴバルド人の原住地はエルベ川下流域であるが、2世紀中ごろにはドナウ川方面、5世紀後半には下オーストリア、6世紀中ごろにはノリクム、パンノニア地方に移り、さらに東方からアバール人の攻撃を受けたのを契機に、568年、アルボイン王に率いられてイタリアに侵入、パビーアを首都として、ポー川流域のロンバルディア地方に部族王国を建てた。 その後南方に勢力を広げ、トスカナから、さらに南イタリアのスポレト、ベネベント地方にまで及んだが、各地に豪族を配置したため、独立性の強い諸公国が形成され、アルボインの後継者クレフ王が殺害されたのちは、35人の大公に支配される諸公国が併存するような事態となった。フランク王国の脅威が強まるにつれ、584年、アウタリ王のもとで王制が復活し、諸侯権力の抑圧、王権の強化が図られたが、大諸侯の力は依然強く、8世紀前半、リウトプランド王がスポレト、ベネベント両公国を破った結果、ようやく王権が伸張した。 その後アイストゥルフ王はさらにビザンティン領ラベンナを併合、ついでローマを脅かしたが、これがローマ教皇の救援要請にこたえたフランク国王ピピン(小)の干渉を招き、さらにデシデリウス王と教皇との確執を口実に、フランク国王カール(後の大帝)もイタリアに侵入した。774年デシデリウスは捕らえられて、ランゴバルド王国はフランク王国に併合され、滅亡した。 [平城照介] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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