Languedoc - Languedoc (English spelling)

Japanese: ラングドック - らんぐどっく(英語表記)Languedoc
Languedoc - Languedoc (English spelling)

A historical region and former province in southern France. It lies between the southeastern edge of the Massif Central in the north, the Mediterranean Sea in the south, the Rhône River in the east, and Toulouse in the west. Its area varies slightly depending on the period, but it roughly corresponds to most of the current departments of Ardèche, Hérault, Aude, Gard, and Lozère, and parts of the departments of Ariege, Haute-Garonne, Haute-Loire, Tarn, and Tarn-et-Garonne. It is an area where the Occitan language, langue d'oc, was originally spoken, and "Languedoc" means "Occitan language". It is divided into Upper Languedoc, with Toulouse as its center, and Lower Languedoc, with Montpellier as its center. Today, only the latter is referred to geographically. The Cevennes region in the north is a limestone plateau and barren, while the Mediterranean coast in the south is an alluvial plain where grape cultivation is thriving. Although the quality of the wine is not very good, it is the largest producer in France. Vegetable cultivation through irrigation is also popular.

[Nobuyoshi Aoki]

history

The Romans arrived in this area in the 2nd century BC, and the current cities of Toulouse, Montpellier, and Narbonne all have their origins in the Roman era. The Visigoths migrated to this area to replace the weakened Western Roman Empire, and founded the Visigothic Kingdom in 419 AD, with Toulouse as its capital. In the 8th century, Muslim invasions began, and the Visigothic Kingdom was destroyed. At the end of the 8th century, Charlemagne (Charle the Great) integrated this area into the Kingdom of Aquitaine to protect it from Muslims. In the 9th century, it became a de facto independent duchy, but in 924, the County of Toulouse was established, and it became the core of this region. Religiously, it is said to have a culture of heresy, and religious conflicts are frequent, but the most famous one is the so-called Albigensian Crusade in the early 13th century, which was launched to eliminate the Albigensian (Cathar) sect influenced by Manichaeism, and after this, the eastern part of the region was annexed to the Kingdom of France in 1229. During the Hundred Years' War, the western region was plundered by the troops of Edward the Black Prince of England, and so leaned towards the French royal family, and was eventually integrated into the kingdom. Protestantism spread in the 16th century, and Protestant uprisings occurred between 1621 and 1629. During the French Revolution (1789-99), the region did not show any particular activity, but in 1815 there were many terrorist attacks by royalists. However, during the Second Republic, it became a base for republicans. This tradition continued afterwards, and even under the Third Republic, it formed a powerful base for radicals, radical socialists, and socialists. After the Revolution, Languedoc as a province was dissolved and divided into the aforementioned departments.

[Tsukasa Ishihara]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランス南部の歴史的地方名、旧州名。北はマッシフ・サントラル(中央群山)南東縁、南は地中海、東はローヌ川、西はトゥールーズ付近に挟まれた地域。その範囲は時期により多少異なるが、現在のアルデシュ、エロー、オード、ガール、ロゼール各県の大部分と、アリエージュ、オート・ガロンヌ、オート・ロアール、タルン、タルン・エ・ガロンヌ各県の一部にほぼ該当する。もとオック語langue d'ocが話された地域で、「ラングドック」は「オック語」の意味である。トゥールーズを中心都市とする上ラングドックと、モンペリエを中心都市とする下ラングドックに分けられる。今日地理的には後者だけをいう。北のセベンヌ地方は石灰岩台地で不毛であるが、南の地中海沿岸地方は沖積平野でブドウの栽培が盛んである。ワインの品質はあまりよくないが、生産高はフランス第一位である。また灌漑(かんがい)による野菜栽培も盛ん。

[青木伸好]

歴史

紀元前2世紀にローマ人がこの地に進出し、現在のトゥールーズ、モンペリエ、ナルボンヌなどの都市はいずれもローマ時代に起源をもつ。勢力の衰えた西ローマ帝国にかわって西ゴート人がこの地に移住し、紀元後419年に西ゴート王国を建て、トゥールーズに都を置いた。8世紀に入るとイスラム教徒の侵入が始まり、西ゴート王国は滅びた。8世紀末シャルルマーニュ(カール大帝)は、イスラム教徒に対する防護のため、この地をアキテーヌ王国に統合した。9世紀には事実上独立の公領となったが、924年トゥールーズ伯領が成立し、この地方の中核となった。宗教的には異端発生の風土をもつといわれ、宗教的争乱が多発しているが、マニ教に影響されたアルビジョア(カタリ)派を絶滅させるために起こされた、13世紀初めのいわゆるアルビジョア十字軍の争乱が有名で、この後東部地方が1229年にフランス王国領に併合された。西部地域は百年戦争中イギリスのエドワード(黒太子)の軍に劫掠(ごうりゃく)されたためフランス王家に傾き、これもやがて王国領に統合されていく。16世紀に至り新教が浸透し、1621~29年に新教徒の蜂起(ほうき)が起こっている。フランス革命(1789~99)時代には、この地方は格別の動きを示さなかったが、1815年には王政派によるテロが多発した。しかし第二共和政時代には共和主義者の一拠点をなした。その後もこの伝統は続き、第三共和政下でも急進派、急進社会主義派、社会主義派の有力地盤を形成した。革命後は州としてのラングドックは解体され、前記の各県に分割された。

[石原 司]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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