Hull structure

Japanese: 船体構造 - せんたいこうぞう
Hull structure

The structure that forms the hull and framework of a ship. The structure of each part of the hull is basically made up of thin steel plates with long and thin reinforcements attached in parallel or in a grid pattern. In the example of Figure A , the side shell and bulkhead plates are the plates, and the frames and stiffeners are the reinforcements. Large reinforcements such as the web stiffeners and horizontal girders in this figure are placed in areas where great strength is required. This structural method that combines thin plates and reinforcements has the characteristic of being the lightest possible for the same strength, and is suitable for vehicles such as ships and aircraft, where saving structural weight increases carrying capacity. The hull is surrounded on its outer periphery by the deck, side shell, and bottom shell ( Figure B ). The deck is reinforced by beams, the side shell by frames, and the bottom shell by floors. The beams, frames, and floors form a square framework and are arranged from bow to stern at intervals of about 1 meter, and together with the shell and deck, they strengthen the shape of the ship. A structural style in which the reinforcing members for the plates are arranged mainly horizontally like this is called a horizontal structure or a horizontal rib structure. This style has been widely adopted since the end of the 19th century, when ships changed from wooden to steel, and there is a wealth of accumulated technology for this style, making it easy to build. Even today, most small and medium-sized ships are built using this structural style.

In contrast, a structure in which the reinforcing materials for the outer plate, deck, etc. are arranged mainly in the bow-stern direction ( Fig. C ) is called a longitudinal structure or longitudinal frame structure. Although rudimentary attempts at this style were made around the time when steel ships began to spread, it was not researched and developed as a full-scale structural style until around 1960, when ships began to rapidly become larger. A longitudinal structure requires more laborious assembly work than a transverse structure, and since there are large crossbeams and longitudinal beams protruding into the cargo hold, it is not suitable for carrying general cargo. However, it has the advantage of being lighter in weight while maintaining the same vertical strength, so it is often used for ships that transport liquid cargo, such as oil tankers and chemical tankers. Also, the longitudinal and transverse mixed structure shown in Fig. D makes use of the advantages of both styles, with the bottom and upper decks, which are effective for vertical strength, being vertical, and the sides, which particularly require transverse strength, being transverse. Currently, large ships are built with this longitudinal and transverse mixed structure or longitudinal structure.

[Morita Tomoharu]

[Reference items] | Hull strength | Bottom | Shipbuilding
Example of hull structure (Figure A)
©Shogakukan ">

Example of hull structure (Figure A)

Horizontal structure of the hull (Fig. B)
©Shogakukan ">

Horizontal structure of the hull (Fig. B)

Vertical structure of the hull (Fig. C)
©Shogakukan ">

Vertical structure of the hull (Fig. C)

Mixed longitudinal and transverse structure of the hull (Fig. D)
©Shogakukan ">

Mixed longitudinal and transverse structure of the hull (Fig. D)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

船の外殻や骨組を形づくる構造。船体各部の構造は、基本的には鋼の薄板に細長い補強材を平行または格子状に取り付けたものから成り立っている。図Aの例では船側外板と隔壁板が板材であり、フレーム、スチフナが補強材である。大きな強度が必要な部分には、この図のウェブスチフナや水平ガーダーのように大きな補強材を配置する。このような薄板と補強材を組み合わせた構造方式は、同じ強度をもたせるのにもっとも軽くできるという特徴があって、船や航空機のように、構造重量を節約すればそれだけ運送能力が増える乗り物に適している。船体はその外周を甲板、船側外板および船底外板で囲まれている(図B)。甲板はビームで、船側外板はフレームで、船底外板はフロアで補強されている。また、ビーム、フレームおよびフロアは四角い枠組みを形づくり、約1メートル前後の間隔で船首から船尾にわたって配置され、外板や甲板とともに船の形を強固なものにしている。このように、板材に対する補強材を主として横方向に配置した構造様式を横(よこ)式構造または横肋骨(ろっこつ)式構造という。この様式は19世紀の末、船が木船から鋼船に変わったころから広く採用されてきたものであり、技術の蓄積が豊富で建造しやすい。今日でも中・小型船はほとんどこの構造様式でつくられている。

 これに対して、外板、甲板等の補強材を主として船首尾方向に配置したもの(図C)を縦(たて)式構造または縦肋骨式構造という。この様式の初歩的な試みは鋼船が普及し始めたころからあったが、本格的な構造様式として研究、開発されたのは、船が急速に大型化された1960年ごろからあとである。縦式構造は横式構造に比べて組立て工事に手間がかかり、また貨物倉内に大きな横桁(よこげた)や縦桁が突き出す部分があるので、一般貨物の積載には不向きである。しかし、同じ縦強度を保つのに重量が少なくてすむという利点があるので、オイルタンカーはじめケミカルタンカーなど液体貨物を運送する船によく採用される。また、図Dに示す縦横混合式構造は、縦強度に対して有効な船底や上方の甲板を縦式とし、横強度をとくに必要とする船側を横式として、両様式の長所を生かしたものである。現在、大型船はこの縦横混合式、または縦式の構造で建造されている。

[森田知治]

[参照項目] | 船体強度 | 船底 | 造船
船体構造の例〔図A〕
©Shogakukan">

船体構造の例〔図A〕

船体の横式構造〔図B〕
©Shogakukan">

船体の横式構造〔図B〕

船体の縦式構造〔図C〕
©Shogakukan">

船体の縦式構造〔図C〕

船体の縦横混合式構造〔図D〕
©Shogakukan">

船体の縦横混合式構造〔図D〕


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