Latifundium (Latifundium) (Latin)

Japanese: ラティフンディウム - らてぃふんでぃうむ(英語表記)latifundium ラテン語
Latifundium (Latifundium) (Latin)

Large landowners in ancient Rome. During the republican period, Rome made much of the land it conquered publicly and leased it to those who could cultivate it at low rents. As the wealthy acquired this land, the disparity in land ownership among Roman citizens widened, causing various social problems. The Licinius-Sextius Law of 367 BC limited the occupation of this public land to about 125 hectares, but this regulation was gradually ignored. Especially when the Roman conquest extended beyond Italy to the entire Mediterranean world, wealthy people who acquired enormous wealth in their new territories as generals or governors, merchants or tax collectors, occupied vast tracts of public land in these lands. On the other hand, many of Italy's self-employed farmers lost the basis for continuing to manage their farms after serving long periods as soldiers, so they gave up their land and moved to the cities. The wealthy seized these lands and even used violent means to build vast estates, running large-scale operations using slave captives they had captured in wars of conquest. The reforms of the Gracchi brothers in the second half of the 2nd century BC were intended to curb the expansion of these large landholdings and to restore small and medium-sized peasants, but after they were defeated and the reforms failed, there was no longer any restraint on the concentration of land, and the Agrarian Law of 111 BC recognized occupied land as private property, albeit with certain restrictions.

In the Imperial period, land was concentrated mainly through accidental means such as sales, gifts, and inheritance, at least in Italy, but large landowners acquired neighboring land whenever they had the opportunity, forming large concentrated estates. However, the way in which they were managed progressed from cultivating the entire estate by groups of slaves to dividing it up and entrusting it to tenant farmers (colonus). In the later Imperial period, these estates became self-sufficient, independent of cities and markets, and politically, the lords exercised power over their workers, becoming more independent.

[Akira Sakaguchi]

“Roma Dai Land Ownership System” by Kentaro Murakawa (1949, Nippon Hyoronsha)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

古代ローマの大土地所有。共和政期のローマは、征服した土地の多くを公有地とし、これを耕作できる者に低い賃貸料で貸し与えた。これらの土地を富裕な人々が手に入れ、ローマ市民相互間の土地所有の格差が拡大し、さまざまな社会問題を引き起こした。紀元前367年のリキニウス‐セクスティウス法は、この公有地の占有を約125ヘクタールまでと制限したが、この規定もしだいに無視されるようになった。とくにローマの征服がイタリア外の地中海世界全体にまで及ぶと、将軍や総督として、あるいは商人や徴税請負人として、新たな支配地で莫大(ばくだい)な富を手に入れた富裕者たちが、これらの土地で広大な公有地を占有した。一方イタリアの自営農民の多くは、兵士として長期間出征したことによって農地経営を続ける基盤を失い、土地を手放して都市に流入した。富裕者たちはこれらの土地をも手に収め、さらには暴力的な手段をも用いて広大な所領を形成し、征服戦争で手に入れた捕虜奴隷を使って大規模な経営を行った。前2世紀後半のグラックス兄弟の改革は、このような大土地所有の拡大を抑え中小の農民を再建しようとするものであったが、彼らが倒されて改革が失敗に帰したのちは、土地集中に対する歯止めがなくなり、前111年の農地法によって、占有されていた土地は、一定の制限付きとはいえ、私有地と認められるに至った。

 帝政期に入ると、土地集中の方法は、少なくともイタリアでは、売買・贈与・相続といった偶然的なものが主流を占めるようになったが、大土地所有者たちは機会あるごとに近隣の土地を手に入れ、集中的な大所領を形成していった。しかしその経営方法は、全体を奴隷集団によって耕すのではなく、分割して小作人(コロヌス)にゆだねる方向に進んだ。帝政後期になると、これらの大所領は都市や市場に依存しない自給自足的なものになり、政治的にみても、所領主が内部の働き手たちに対して権力を行使する、独立度の強いものになっていった。

[坂口 明]

『村川堅太郎著『羅馬大土地所有制』(1949・日本評論社)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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