British political scientist. Born in Manchester as the second son of a wealthy Jewish cotton merchant. After graduating from Oxford University in 1914, he worked as a lecturer at McGill University in Canada and Harvard University in the United States. In 1920, he returned to the UK and became a lecturer at the London School of Economics and Political Science, and in 1926 became a professor of political science at the University of London. In the same year, he joined the Fabian Society and the British Labour Party, becoming a member of the Labour Party's executive committee in 1936 and its central chairman from 1945 to 1946, and was an active politician. The distinctive feature of Laski's political science is that, based on the British tradition of liberal democracy and parliamentary democracy, which emphasize the respect and guarantee of democracy and freedom, he developed a so-called social democracy that added the new social equality and relief for the weak proposed by socialism and Marxism. It is for this reason that he is called one of the leading political scientists of the 20th century. Laski's research began with the elucidation of state theory, which was an important theme in political science worldwide at the time, and he tackled the issues surrounding state power and freedom since the formation of modern states in the 17th century. His ideological, historical, and structural analyses of states are indicative of the breadth of his academic perspective. His works from this period include The Problem of Sovereignty (1917), Authority in the Modern State (1919), and The Foundations of Sovereignty (1919). His 1925 Outlines of Political Science is a compilation of the above works, establishing a position on pluralistic state theory, and also showing an understanding of socialism. Laski's sympathy with Marxism can be seen in Karl Marx (1924) and Communism (1927), but his position is strictly British-style social (or) democracy, and it can be said that he studied Marxism critically. However, in the 1930s, as the Great Depression broke out, militaristic and dictatorial fascist states rose to power in Germany, Italy, Japan and other countries, and capitalist states faced economic crises and increasingly strengthened the logic of profit-seeking and capital, leading to a growing tendency for state power to suppress human rights and freedom. During this period, Laski leaned significantly toward the Marxist theory of the class state, and became a theoretical leader of the left wing within the Labour Party. In "Liberty in the Modern State" (1930), he stressed that restrictions on power and freedom of thought and speech were still necessary to guarantee freedom, and that the realization of equality was an absolute requirement for freedom, and opposed the Hegelian view of the absolute state, which gave the state absolute superiority over groups such as political parties, unions, churches and civic organizations. His work Democracy in Crisis (1933) was a critique of fascism, and in The Republic (1935) he adopted the theory of the class state and even preached the inevitability of violent revolution. However, as seen in Reflections on a Modern Revolution (1943), Laski later retreated from the idea of violent revolution and instead advocated a "revolution by consent" as possible, suggesting that a socialist party should gain the support of the majority of the people, gain a majority in parliament, and peacefully realize the path to socialism. Nevertheless, in Faith, Reason, and Civilization (1944), he pointed out that the only country that had learned the lessons of the war was the Soviet Union, and in Democracy in America (1948) he expressed a strong critical attitude toward democracy in capitalist countries. In this way, Laski can be said to have been a thinker who continued to question the relationship between liberalism/democracy and Marxism/socialism throughout his life. [Hiroshi Tanaka] "The State, translated by Ishigami Ryohei (1952, Iwanami Gendai Sosho)" ▽ "Beyond Fascism: A Political Scientist's Struggle, translated by Hori Masakiyo, new edition (2009, Waseda University Press)" ▽ "Freedom in the Modern State, by Laski, translated by Iizaka Yoshiaki (Iwanami Bunko)" ▽ "Harold Laski, by Ogasawara Yoshiyuki (1987, Keiso Shobo)" [Reference items] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イギリスの政治学者。マンチェスターの富裕なユダヤ系木綿貿易商の次男として生まれる。1914年、オックスフォード大学卒業後、カナダのマッギル大学、アメリカのハーバード大学講師を務め、1920年に帰国し、ロンドン政治経済学校講師、1926年ロンドン大学政治学教授となる。同年、フェビアン協会に入会、またイギリス労働党に入党、1936年には労働党執行委員、1945~1946年には中央委員長となり政治家としても活躍した。 ラスキの政治学の特色は、民主主義と自由の尊重・保障を重視するイギリス伝統の自由民主主義(リベラル・デモクラシー)、議会制民主主義を基調にしつつ、それらに社会主義やマルクス主義の提起した新しい社会的平等、弱者救済の立場を加味したいわゆる社会(的)民主主義(ソーシャル・デモクラシー)を展開した点にある。彼が、20世紀を代表する政治学者とよばれるのはこのためである。 ラスキの研究の出発点は、当時、世界的に政治学の重要テーマとなっていた国家論の解明に置かれ、17世紀の近代国家形成時点以来の国家権力と自由をめぐる問題に取り組んでいる。その際、国家の思想的、歴史的、構造的分析がなされている点に、彼の学問的視野の広さがうかがわれる。この時期の著作としては『主権の問題』(1917)、『現代国家における権威』(1919)、『主権の基礎』(1919)などがあるが、1925年の『政治学大綱』は、上記の著作を集大成し、多元的国家論の立場を確立したものであり、またそこには社会主義に対する理解もみられる。ラスキのマルクス主義への共感は『カール・マルクス』(1924)、『共産主義』(1927)などにみられるが、彼の立場は、あくまでもイギリス流の社会(的)民主主義であり、マルクス主義を批判的に学んだものといえよう。 しかし、1930年代に入り、世界大恐慌が勃発(ぼっぱつ)するなかで、ドイツ、イタリア、日本などに軍国主義的・独裁的ファシズム国家が台頭してきたこと、また資本主義国家が経済的危機に直面して利潤追求・資本の論理をますます強め、国家権力による人権や自由の抑圧という傾向が進行していた状況をみて、ラスキは、この時期、マルクス主義的階級国家論へ著しく傾斜し、労働党内でも左派の理論的指導者となっていった。『近代国家における自由』(1930)では、自由を保障するために権力の制限や思想・言論の自由が依然必要であること、また自由の条件としては平等の実現が絶対に必要であることを力説し、国家の地位を政党、組合、教会、市民団体などの集団に対して絶対的優位のものとするヘーゲル流の絶対的国家観に反対している。また『危機に立つ民主主義』(1933)はファシズム批判の書であり、『国家』(1935)では階級国家論を取り入れ、暴力革命の不可避性すらも唱えていた。 しかし、その後は、『現代革命の考察』(1943)にもみられるように、暴力革命論は後退し、「同意による革命」を実現可能なものとして主張し、社会主義政党が国民多数の支持を得て議会で多数を占め、平和的に社会主義への道を実現する方向を示唆している。にもかかわらず、彼は、『信仰・理性・文明』(1944)において、戦争の教訓を学び取っているのはソ連一国であると指摘し、『アメリカの民主政治』(1948)では、資本主義国家の民主主義に強い批判的態度を示している。このように、ラスキは、自由主義・民主主義とマルクス主義・社会主義との関係を終生問い続けた思想家であったといえよう。 [田中 浩] 『石上良平訳『国家』(1952・岩波現代叢書)』▽『堀真清訳『ファシズムを超えて――一政治学者の戦い』新版(2009・早稲田大学出版部)』▽『ラスキ著、飯坂良明訳『近代国家における自由』(岩波文庫)』▽『小笠原欣幸著『ハロルド・ラスキ』(1987・勁草書房)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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