Preventive medicine - yobouigaku (English spelling)

Japanese: 予防医学 - よぼういがく(英語表記)preventive medicine
Preventive medicine - yobouigaku (English spelling)

The medical science that aims to prevent and remove factors that impair health. Examples of health-impairing factors that should be prevented include the following:

(1) Infectious diseases In the case of infectious diseases, measures must be taken that are tailored to the source of infection, the route of infection, and susceptible individuals. The main preventive measures include hospitalization of patients, improvement of environmental sanitation, and vaccination.

(2) Nutritional deficiencies In this case, measures are required to prevent food shortages, nutritional malpractice, etc. Considering that many areas around the world suffer from food shortages, measures against this are of great significance.

(3) Accidents Accidents are the number one cause of death among children and adolescents. In order to prevent this, a wide range of measures are needed, from safety education to urban planning and vehicle structure.

(4) Congenital abnormalities There are no treatments for congenital abnormalities, so the only measure that can be taken is prevention. It is therefore necessary to make every effort to prevent them by identifying the causes of the abnormalities.

(5) Physicochemical environment From this perspective, it is important to identify and eliminate environmental factors that are harmful to health. Specific measures include measures to combat environmental pollution.

(6) Social environment This includes the social environment, ranging from family and parent-child relationships to schools, local communities, the nation, and the world, which is primarily a challenge to mental health.

As described above, preventive medicine, because of its wide range of subjects, requires support not only from medicine but also from the natural sciences and social sciences. Preventive medicine is also sometimes considered a field of public health or health science, or is considered to be synonymous with it. Furthermore, diseases and abnormalities that cannot be prevented through preventive medicine are dealt with through therapeutic medicine, welfare, education, etc.

[Munehiro Hirayama]

[Reference] | Public Health | Health Science

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

健康を損ねる因子を防ぎ、取り除くことを目的とした医学。予防すべき健康阻害因子の例としては次のようなものがあげられる。

(1)感染症 感染症においては、感染源、感染経路、感受性のある個体のそれぞれに対応した対策が必要であり、予防法としては、患者の入院、環境衛生の向上、予防接種などが主要なものとなる。

(2)栄養上の欠陥 この場合は、食料の不足、栄養上の過誤などを防ぐための対策が必要となる。世界的には食料不足に悩む地域が多いことを考えれば、これに対する対策は重要な意味をもっている。

(3)事故 小児から青年期にかけては不慮の事故が死亡原因の1位となっている。これを防ぐためには、安全教育から都市計画、車両構造に至るまでの広い範囲にわたる対策が必要となる。

(4)先天異常 治療法のない先天異常に対しては、予防しか対策がとれないため、異常の成因の解明により最大限の予防に努めることが必要となる。

(5)物理化学的環境 この面からは、健康に被害を与える環境要因の究明と除去が重要であり、具体的な対処としては、環境汚染対策などがあげられる。

(6)社会的環境 家族・親子関係から学校、地域社会、国家、世界に至るまでの社会的環境が含まれ、主として精神保健上の課題となるものである。

 このように、予防医学では、その対象が広範にわたっているため、医学のみならず、広く自然科学、社会科学の援助が必要とされる。また、予防医学は公衆衛生学あるいは保健学の一分野ないし同義とされることもある。なお、予防医学において予防することのできなかった疾病、異常に対しては、治療医学、福祉、教育などが対応することになる。

[平山宗宏]

[参照項目] | 公衆衛生 | 保健学

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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