One of the fundamental metaphysical principles of the German philosopher Leibniz. Monads, his concept of substance, do not affect each other, and causal relationships are merely apparent. For example, when B understands what A says, it is explained that the internal changes of A and B, the two monads, have been properly determined in advance by God. This principle, which governs the process of change in monads throughout history as if there was a direct interrelationship, is pre-established harmony. It is typically applied to the mind-body problem (mind and body are separate monads), and Leibniz gave this idea superiority to chance theory in this issue left by Descartes. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
ドイツの哲学者ライプニッツの形而上学的根本原理の一つ。彼の実体概念であるモナドは相互に影響し合うことはなく,因果関係は見かけにすぎない。たとえばAが語った言葉をBが理解するのは,A,B,2つのモナドのそれぞれの内的変化があらかじめ神によってしかるべく定められているからであると説明される。全歴史を通じ,全世界のモナドの変化の過程を,あたかも直接的相互関係があるかのように支配しているこの原理が予定調和である。それが典型的に適用されるのは心身問題で (精神と肉体が別々のモナドになる) ,デカルトによって残されたこの課題について,ライプニッツはこの考えを偶因論よりも優位とした。
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