Aftershock - Aftershock

Japanese: 余震 - よしん
Aftershock - Aftershock

Earthquakes that occur after an earthquake (the main shock). The size and number of earthquakes vary, but most earthquakes are accompanied by aftershocks. In general, earthquakes with shallow epicenters have many aftershocks, while earthquakes with deep epicenters have few aftershocks. Deep earthquakes may not have aftershocks.

When the main shock is large, the aftershocks can also be large, and experience has shown that the largest aftershocks are often earthquakes with a magnitude of about 1 smaller than the main shock. However, it is not known when and how large an aftershock will occur. Aftershocks can also cause damage. In particular, aftershocks can cause the collapse of buildings and civil engineering structures that have been weakened by the main shock, so caution is required.

The number of aftershocks decreases exponentially over time, so the number of aftershocks gradually decreases, but it is not over. If you use a highly sensitive seismograph to observe even small earthquakes, you can see that aftershocks of large earthquakes continue even after more than decades. For example, on the border between Missouri and Kentucky in the United States, three large earthquakes with a magnitude of over 8 occurred in a row in just under three months from 1811 to 1812. These are called the New Madrid earthquakes, and these aftershocks are still continuing even today, more than 200 years later. However, since the nature of aftershocks is not different from other earthquakes, it is not possible to distinguish aftershocks from other earthquakes. Therefore, in areas with high seismic activity, aftershocks blend in with other earthquakes. Unlike Japan, the normal level of seismic activity in most parts of the United States is very low, so even if a small earthquake occurs so late, it is clear that it is an aftershock. In Japan, aftershocks from the 1891 Nobi earthquake, a major inland earthquake, were observed for several decades, but have since been blended into normal seismic activity.

Academically, aftershocks provide important data for detailed research into what kind of earthquake the main shock was, and what kind of earthquake faults slipped and how they caused the main shock. For this reason, after a major earthquake, temporary seismometers are often installed near the epicenter to monitor aftershocks for several weeks to several months.

In addition to earthquakes that occur as a mainshock-aftershock pattern, there are also twin earthquakes and swarms of earthquakes. When the "mainshock" occurs, it is not clear which of these it will fall into. In these cases, it is necessary to be careful, as there are also cases where the earthquake that occurs later is larger.

[Hideki Shimamura]

"Hideki Shimamura, 'The Belly and Heart of the Earth: The Frontline of Earthquake Research and an Adventure Story' (1988, Information Center Publishing Bureau)""Hideki Shimamura, '50 Questions About Massive Earthquakes That Japanese People Want to Know: From the Cause of the Tohoku Pacific Ocean Earthquake to the Prediction of a Major Earthquake in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area' (Science i Shinsho, Softbank Creative)"

[Reference] | Earthquake swarm | Earthquake | Seismometer | Earthquake fault | Epicenter | Nobi earthquake

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

地震(本震)がおきたあとに、引き続きおきる地震。地震の規模や数の大小はまちまちだが、ほとんどの地震は余震を伴う。一般に震源が浅い地震は余震が多く、震源が深いときには少ない。深い地震には余震がないこともある。

 本震が大きいときには余震も大きいことがあり、経験的には本震よりもマグニチュード1ほど小さい地震が最大の余震であることが多い。しかし、どんな大きさの余震がいつおきるかはわかっていない。また、余震は被害を生じることがある。とくに本震で弱った建築物や土木構造物が余震で倒壊することもあり、警戒が必要である。

 余震の数は、時間とともに指数関数の形で減るので、しだいに余震の回数は減っていくが、なかなか終わらない。感度の高い地震計を使って小さい地震まで観測すると、大きい地震の余震が何十年以上たっても続いているのがわかる。たとえばアメリカのミズーリ州とケンタッキー州の州境では、1811年から1812年にかけての3か月弱の間に、マグニチュード8を超える大地震が続けて3回もおきた。ニュー・マドリッド地震といわれ、この余震は約200年以上経過した現在でもまだ続いている。ところで余震としておこる地震がほかの地震と性質が違うわけではないので、余震だけをほかの地震と区別することはできない。そのため地震活動が盛んなところでは、余震はほかの地震に紛れてしまう。日本と違ってアメリカのほとんどの地域では通常の地震の活動レベルがごく低いので、これほどあとになって小さな地震がおきても、余震に違いないとわかるのである。日本では内陸でおきた大地震、濃尾地震(のうびじしん)(1891)の余震が数十年間観測されていたが、その後は普段の地震活動に紛れてしまった。

 学問的には、余震は本震がどんな地震だったのか、どんな地震断層がどうすべって本震をおこしたのかを詳細に研究するための大事なデータを提供する。このため大地震のあとに震源近くに臨時に地震計を設置して、数週間から数か月間余震の観測を行うことが多い。

 なお地震には、本震―余震型としておきるもの以外に、双子地震や群発地震もある。「本震」がおきたときには、これらのどれに属するのかわからない。これらの地震では、あとからおきる地震のほうが大きい例もあるので注意が必要である。

[島村英紀]

『島村英紀著『地球の腹と胸の内――地震研究の最前線と冒険譚』(1988・情報センター出版局)』『島村英紀著『日本人が知りたい巨大地震の疑問50――東北地方太平洋沖地震の原因から首都圏大地震の予測まで』(サイエンス・アイ新書・ソフトバンククリエイティブ)』

[参照項目] | 群発地震 | 地震 | 地震計 | 地震断層 | 震源 | 濃尾地震

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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