Budget management - yosankanri (English spelling) budgeting

Japanese: 予算管理 - よさんかんり(英語表記)budgeting
Budget management - yosankanri (English spelling) budgeting

The term budget is sometimes interpreted broadly to include the proper execution of the national budget, but generally it refers to a management technique developed in American industry with the aim of rationally developing profit-making business activities.

After World War I, the United States was hit by an unprecedented recession. As one of the measures to overcome this situation, various scientifically based methods of accounting management were researched and developed. Budgetary control (later known as budgetary management) is a product of this era, along with break-even analysis and standard costing. At first, the focus of discussion was on restricting expenditures using a period budget notified in a hierarchical manner, and then analyzing the difference with the actual results after the fact. However, after the 1950s, as the importance of business planning, especially profit planning, was advocated, the emphasis gradually shifted to the functions of showing appropriate programs in advance and motivating action. From around the 1960s, its effectiveness as a method of comprehensive profit management of corporate activities was recognized, and the term budgetary management came to be used more and more to encapsulate the meaning of budget compilation and control. Therefore, budgetary control or budgetary management means planning the activities of a company in a comprehensive and coordinated manner through a comprehensive profit concept, guiding the execution of the activities based on this, and then providing the data necessary for performance management based on responsibility accounting and corrective action after the fact by analyzing the difference between the budget and the actual results. In particular, the adjustment function of the budget is expected to perform a function unique to budgetary management when the corporate organization expands and becomes complex, and when the budget compilation method also emphasizes an accumulation-based approach. In recent years, there has been a trend toward "beyond budgeting," facing up to the limitations of the budgetary management function.

[Tokai Mikio]

System and methodology

Various budgets should not be isolated from each other, but must ultimately be integrated. Therefore, systematization is important for the practical application of budgetary management. Usually, budgets are divided into three parts: profit and loss budgets (sales, cost of sales, selling expenses, general and administrative expenses, non-operating profit and loss budgets, etc.) summarized in the estimated profit and loss statement, capital budgets (cash receipts and payments, working capital, credit budgets, etc.) related to financial activities, and capital budgets (capital investments, capital procurement budgets, etc.) related to capital investments and their financing. These are further subdivided in relation to each department. In reality, budget systems are deployed in various forms, but in order to realize their multi-dimensional functions, many systems are eclectic, taking into account the merits of both the amakudari type or comprehensive budget-centered system and the accumulation type or departmental budget-centered system.

In addition, while on the one hand, efforts are being made to refine budget preparation procedures using mathematical and statistical techniques, on the other hand, budgets are attracting attention as a prominent topic of interdisciplinary research, as they are being linked with research into the psychological effects of budgets, that is, behavioral science.

[Tokai Mikio]

"Systematic Budgetary Management" Revised Edition by Kobayashi Kengo (2002, Tokyo Keizai Information Publishing)""Budgetary Management with Emphasis on Future Forecasting" edited by BearingPoint (2004, Chuo Keizai Publishing)"De-Budgetary Management" by Jeremy Hope and Robin Fraser, supervised translation by Shimizu Takashi (2005, Productivity Publishing)"

[Reference] | Management accounting | Business management | Capital budgeting | Profit management

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

予算という語を広義に解釈して国家予算の適正な執行などをも含めることもあるが、一般には、営利企業活動の合理的な展開を目的としてアメリカ産業界で開発された経営管理の一技法をさす。

 第一次世界大戦後、アメリカは未曽有(みぞう)の不況にみまわれたが、このような状況を打破する方策の一つとして、科学性を基礎とする計数管理の諸方法が研究開発された。予算統制(後の予算管理)は、損益分岐点分析や標準原価計算などと同じく、この時代の産物である。初め、これは、天下り的な方法で通知された期間予算を使って支出の制約をし、事後に実績との差異を分析することを中心に議論されたが、1950年代以降、経営計画とくに利益計画の重要性が提唱されるにしたがって、しだいに、事前において適切なプログラムを示し行動の動機づけを与えるような諸機能に強調が置かれるようになった。1960年代ころからは、企業活動の総合的な利益管理方法としての有効性が認知され、予算編成およびその統制という意味をまとめるものとして、予算管理という用語が使われることが多くなった。したがって、予算統制または予算管理とは、統括的な利益概念を通じて企業の諸活動を総合的および調整的に計画化し、これに基づいてその実行活動を嚮導(きょうどう)し、事後においては、予算と実績との差異分析から責任会計的な業績管理と是正措置行動に必要なデータの提供を行うことを意味する。とくに、予算の調整機能は、企業組織が拡大化、複雑化している場合、および予算編成手法にも積み上げ的な発想が重視される場合、予算管理ならではの働きを示すことが期待されている。なお、近年は予算管理機能の限界を直視して、“脱”予算管理beyond budgetingといった動向もある。

[東海幹夫]

体系と手法

各種の予算はそれぞれ孤立したものであってはならず、究極的には統合されなければならない。したがって、予算管理の実践化にとって、その体系化は重要な意味をもっている。通常、予算は、見積損益計算書に総括される損益予算(売上高、売上原価、販売費、一般管理費、営業外損益予算など)、財務活動にかかわる資金予算(現金収支、運転資本、信用予算など)、設備投資とその資金調達にかかわる資本予算(設備投資、資本調達予算など)とに三分される。さらに、これらは、各部門と関連づけて細分される。現実の予算制度は、さまざまな形で展開されているが、その多元的な機能の発現を目ざして、天下り型あるいは総合予算中心主義と、積み上げ型あるいは部門予算中心主義のいずれのメリットも考慮した折衷型のシステムが多い。

 また、予算は、一方においては、数学的あるいは統計的な技法を利用して予算編成手続の精緻(せいち)化が進められているが、他方では、予算の与える心理的効果の研究すなわち行動科学との結合が図られるなど、学際的な研究の顕著なテーマの一つとして注目されている。

[東海幹夫]

『小林健吾著『体系予算管理』改訂版(2002・東京経済情報出版)』『ベリングポイント編『将来予測重視の予算マネジメント』(2004・中央経済社)』『ジェレミー・ホープ、ロビン・フレーザー著、清水孝監訳『脱予算経営』(2005・生産性出版)』

[参照項目] | 管理会計 | 経営管理 | 資本予算 | 利益管理

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Yosan Line

>>:  Budget Committee - yosaniiinkai (English spelling) budget committee

Recommend

Non-Departmental Ministers

… In the United Kingdom, known as the birthplace ...

The Great Gatsby

...In response to public expectations and demands...

Fischart, Johann

Born: 1546. Strasbourg Died: 1590. Forbach. German...

Fujiwara no Kinto - Fujiwara no Kinto

Year of death: 1041.2.4 Year of birth: Kōhō 3 (966...

Morbid appetite

Also called pica. This refers to a change in food ...

Rhododendron amanoi (English spelling) Rhododendronamanoi

…[Yoshiharu Iijima]. … *Some of the terminology t...

reciprocal altruism

...In this case, the individual being helped must...

New National Theatre

The name of the theater company. A popular theate...

Sokushinran - Sokushinran

A perennial plant of the lily family (illustration...

Masumi Fujimoto - Fujimoto Sanezumi

1910-1979 A film producer from the Showa era. Bor...

Educational Equipment Industry

...The education industry refers not only to thin...

Wahneinfall

…Primary delusions are further divided into delus...

composition exploding

…Dimethylaniline is sulfonated with concentrated ...

Furniture Music - Kagu no Ongaku (English) musique d'ameublement

This is the title of a series of pieces conceived ...

The Great Dog's Eye - The Great Dog's Eye

⇒ Ishikawa no Oonuhime Source: Kodansha Digital Ja...